University of Delaware
1995-1996 Undergraduate Catalog
1995-1996 Courses
Mathematics

MATH 010  Intermediate Algebra  3  R
   Establishes, or reestablishes, the background of those who desire to
   take College Algebra. Experience indicates that many persons who need
   college mathematics are not able to proceed because of a deficient
   background.

MATH 012  Concepts of Intermediate Algebra  1-3  R
   Reviews algebra concepts and skills needed for college level mathematics
   courses. Topics (when three credits are completed) include a review of
   sets, operations with polynomial and rational expressions, solving
   various types of equations and inequalities and an introduction to
   coordinate plane and functions.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires arithmetic skills.

MATH 114  College Mathematics and Statistics  3
   Basic algebra skills and concepts with a strong emphasis on graphing and
   applications in the areas of management, life and social sciences.
   Topics include exponential functions, logarithms, statistics, linear
   programming and arithmetic and geometric sequences.
   PREREQ: MATH012 or MATH010.
   RESTRICTIONS: Only three credits from any combination of MATH114,
   MATH115, MATH170, MATH171 and MATH172 can count toward graduation.

MATH 115  Pre-Calculus  3
   Develops concepts required for calculus around the unifying notions of a
   function and the graph of a function (polynomial, algebraic,
   exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions).
   RESTRICTIONS: Familiarity with central concepts of algebra (factoring,
   solving equations, simplifying algebraic expression and laws of
   exponents) recommended. Only three credits from any combination of
   MATH114, MATH115, MATH170, MATH171 and MATH172 can count toward
   graduation.

MATH 170  Self-Paced College Mathematics and Statistics  1-3
   Stresses algebra concepts and applications, elementary and trigonometric
   functions and topics in statistics. Variable credit allows the student
   to proceed at his/her own pace.
   RESTRICTIONS: Content same as MATH114 when all three credits completed.
   Only three credits from any combination of MATH114, MATH115, MATH170,
   MATH171 and MATH172 can count toward graduation.

MATH 171  Self-Paced Pre-Calculus  1-3
   Develops concepts required for calculus around the concept of a function
   and its graph. Polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic and
   trigonometric functions stressed. Variable credit allows the student to
   proceed at his/her own pace.
   PREREQ: Intermediate Algebra.
   RESTRICTIONS: Content is same as MATH115 when all three credits
   completed. Only three credits from any combination of MATH114, MATH115,
   MATH170, MATH171 and MATH172 can count toward graduation.

MATH 172  Algebra and Precalculus  2
   Mastery-based algebra review followed by concepts required for MATH221
   developed around functions and their graphs (polynomial, rational,
   logarithmic and exponential).
   RESTRICTIONS: Does not satisfy general skills math requirement. Only
   three credits from any combination of MATH114, MATH115, MATH170, MATH171
   and MATH172 can count toward graduation.

MATH 179  Problem Solving Strategies I  1
   Designed to study a multitude of problem solving strategies such as
   working backwards, look for a pattern, etc. In particular, will
   emphasize the use of these strategies with the content that secondary
   mathematics teachers normally teach.
   PREREQ: MATH241.

MATH 210  Discrete Mathematics I  3
   Sets, logic, induction, number systems, counting, finite probability,
   introduction to graph theory, sequences and formal power series.
   PREREQ: MATH115.
   RESTRICTIONS: Credit cannot be received for both MATH210 and MATH230.

MATH 221  Calculus I  3
   Topics include functions, graphing functions, limits, derivatives,
   sequences, series, exponential and logarithmic functions, and
   integration.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires two years of high school algebra and one year of
   geometry. Credit cannot be received for both MATH221 and MATH241.

MATH 222  Calculus II  3
   Topics include integration, Taylor polynomials, series, multivariable
   calculus and trigonometric functions.
   PREREQ: MATH221.
   RESTRICTIONS: For students in the behavioral, management and social
   sciences. Credit cannot be received for both MATH222 and MATH242.

MATH 230  Finite Mathematics with Applications  3
   Set theory, probability, optimization, linear programming and an
   introduction to matrix methods.
   PREREQ: MATH221.
   RESTRICTIONS: For students in the behavioral, management and social
   sciences. Credit cannot be received for both MATH230 and MATH210.

MATH 241  Analytic Geometry and Calculus A  4
   Functions, limits, continuity, derivatives and definite integrals.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires two years of high school algebra, one year of
   geometry and trigonometry. Credit cannot be received for both MATH241
   and MATH221.

MATH 242  Analytic Geometry and Calculus B  4
   Exponential, log and trig functions; integration techniques; polar
   coordinates;and series.
   PREREQ: MATH241.
   RESTRICTIONS: Credit cannot be received for both MATH242 and MATH222.

MATH 243  Analytic Geometry and Calculus C  4
   Vectors, partial derivatives, multiple integrals, line integrals and
   Green's Theorem.
   PREREQ: MATH242.

MATH 245  An Introduction to Proof  3
   Basic set operations, relations, equivalence relations, functions,
   inverse functions, cardinality, order properties of real numbers, least
   upper bound, greatest lower bound, completeness axiom, topology of
   reals, complex numbers.
   PREREQ: MATH243.

MATH 251  Mathematics for the Elementary School I  3
   Basic number concepts: numeration, whole numbers, integers, rational
   numbers, real numbers and arithmetic procedures.

MATH 252  Mathematics for the Elementary School II  3
   Continuation of MATH251.
   PREREQ: MATH251.

MATH 260  Basic Concepts of Analysis  3
   The notion of limit, continuity, convergence, uniform continuity, least
   upper bound, greatest lower bound, compactness and connectedness.
   PREREQ: MATH243.

MATH 280  Insights into Mathematics  3
   A basic course. Mathematics presented as a human endeavor. Topics
   include problem solving, reasoning and modeling.
   PREREQ: MATH114 or MATH115.
   RESTRICTIONS: For liberal arts students not necessarily planning further
   study in mathematics.

MATH 302  Ordinary Differential Equations  3
   Solutions of ordinary differential equations of first and second order;
   and applications, Laplace transforms, Fourier series and power series
   solutions.
   PREREQ: MATH243.
   RESTRICTIONS: Credit not given for both MATH302 and either MATH341 or
   MATH342.

MATH 303  Differential Equations Computing Lab  1
   Provides computing experience in differential equations.
   COREQ: MATH302.

MATH 305  Applied Mathematics for Chemical Engineering  3
   A special applied mathematics course designed for chemical engineering
   majors. Emphasis is given on the interaction between mathematical theory
   and its engineering applications.
   PREREQ: MATH302.
   RESTRICTIONS: For chemical engineering majors (Juniors and Seniors)
   only.

MATH 315  Discrete Mathematics II  3
   Algorithmic graph theory, correctness and complexity of algorithms,
   recurrence relations, numerical algorithms, algorithms for polynomials
   (such as Horner's method).
   PREREQ: MATH210 and MATH241.

MATH 341  Differential Equations with Linear Algebra I  3
   Topics include first and second order differential equations, systems of
   algebraic equations, determinants, vector spaces, eigenvalues and
   eigenvectors of matrices and systems of differential equations. Emphasis
   on the interaction between these topics and appropriate physical
   systems.
   PREREQ: MATH242.
   RESTRICTIONS: Credit not given for both MATH302 and MATH341, or both
   MATH349 and MATH341.

MATH 342  Differential Equations with Linear Algebra II  3
   A continuation of MATH341. Topics include series solutions, Laplace
   transform methods, boundary value problems, orthogonality, higher order
   equations, difference equations and numerical techniques. Continued
   emphasis on the interaction between these topics and physical systems.
   PREREQ: MATH341.
   RESTRICTIONS: Credit not given for both MATH349 and MATH342, or both
   MATH302 and MATH342.

MATH 349  Elementary Linear Algebra  3
   Systems of linear equations, determinants, vector spaces, linear
   transformations, eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
   PREREQ: MATH230 OR MATH242.
   RESTRICTIONS: Credit not given for both MATH349 and either MATH341 or
   MATH342.

MATH 366  Independent Study  1-6

MATH 379  Problem Solving Strategies  1
   Studies a multitude of problem solving strategies such as looking for a
   pattern, making a model, working backwards, etc.
   COREQ: MATH380.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires permission of the Committee on Secondary School
   Mathematics. Not for major (B.A. or B.S.) or minor credit in
   Mathematical Sciences.

MATH 380  Approaches to Teaching Math  3
   Aims, course planning, instructional strategies, evaluation and
   selection of materials for teaching mathematics in secondary schools.
   COREQ: MATH379.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires permission of the Committee on Secondary School
   Mathematics. Not for major (B.A. or B.S.) or minor credit in
   Mathematical Sciences.

MATH 381  Practicum in Secondary Mathematics  1  PF
   Teaching experience in a clinical setting, the Math Center. Helps
   develop an enquiring attitude: to be a perceptive observer of the
   learning behaviors of those taught, one must develop hypotheses about
   the causes of misconceptions, means of diagnosing them and methods of
   treatment (including uses of technology).
   COREQ: MATH243.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires permission of the Committee on Secondary School
   Mathematics. Not for major (B.A. or B.S.) or minor credit in
   Mathematical Sciences.

MATH 389  Graph Theory  3
   Basic graph theory (paths and circuits, trees and forests, connectivity
   and coloring theorems) and network flow theory. Applications to areas
   such as economics, engineering, chemistry and sociology.
   PREREQ: MATH210.

MATH 401  Advanced Calculus  3
   A rigorous treatment of one variable calculus. Topics will include
   sequences of real numbers, limit theorems, monotone sequences, Cauchy
   sequences, Bolzanno-Weierstrass Theorem, continuity, uniform continuity,
   differentiability and Riemann integral.
   PREREQ: MATH245.

MATH 426  Introduction to Numerical Analysis and Algorithmic Computation  3
   Direct and iterative methods for solution of algebraic equations and
   systems of linear equations, matrix inversion, pseudo-inverses,
   algebraic eigenvalue problems, linear least-square problems and
   nonlinear equations. Stresses both numerical analysis and algorithmic
   aspects. May be cross-listed with CISC410.
   PREREQ: MATH349 and CISC106.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires familiarity with computing (e.g., programming
   language).

MATH 428  Algorithmic and Numerical Solution of Differential Equations  3
   Algorithms for numerical integration and differentiation. Initial value
   problems; boundary value problems in ordinary differential equations;
   finite difference (explicit and implicit) methods; polynomial and spline
   approximation; finite elements and collocation; and introduction to
   numerical methods for partial differential equations. May be cross-
   listed with CISC411.
   PREREQ: MATH426 or CISC410.

MATH 450  Abstract Algebra  3
   Integers, modular arithmetic, euclidean algorithm and chinese remainder
   theorem, polynomial rings, including the fundamental theorem of algebra
   and lagrange interpolation. Introduction to field theory, primitive
   elements and simple extensions.
   PREREQ: MATH349.

MATH 451  Abstract Alegbra I  3
   Basic properties of the integers and the rationals, fields of quotients,
   polynomial rings, root-finding, introduction to groups and vector
   spaces.
   PREREQ: MATH349 and MATH260.

MATH 466  Independent Study  1-6

MATH 503  Advanced Calculus for Applications  3
   Multivariable calculus, vector calculus, infinite series, uniform
   convergence and Fourier analysis.
   PREREQ: MATH302.

MATH 508  Introduction to Complex Variables and Applications  3
   Introduction to analytic functions, contour integration, power series,
   residues and conformal mapping.
   PREREQ: MATH243.

MATH 510  Modeling and Analysis of Environmental Systems  3
   An elementary course to introduce basic analytical and numerical methods
   for studying mathematical problems arising in environmental sciences.
   PREREQ: MATH242 or equivalent.
   RESTRICTIONS: Open to Environmental Science graduate students or by
   consent of instructor.

MATH 514  Topics in Advanced Mathematics for Engineers  3
   Basic methods of analysis: introduction to complex variables; special
   functions including Bessel functions and Legendre polynomials; Fourier
   series and integrals; partial differential equations; and emphasis on
   engineering applications.
   PREREQ: MATH302.
   RESTRICTIONS: For engineering students.

MATH 518  Mathematical Models and Applications  3
   Illustration and analysis of mathematical models for problems in the
   biological, physical and social sciences.
   PREREQ: Either MATH230, or MATH349 and STAT370.

MATH 529  Linear Programming: Methods and Applications  3
   Theory of linear programming (linear inequalities, convex polyhedra,
   duality), related topics (games, integer programming), main algorithms
   (simplex, dual) and representative applications in agriculture,
   economics, engineering, operations research and mathematics. Familiarity
   with computer implementation of LP methods acquired by individual (or
   small group) projects of applying LP to the students' chosen areas.
   PREREQ: MATH349.

MATH 540  Geometry  3
   Axiomatic systems; transformations; Euclidean, projective and hyperbolic
   geometry.
   PREREQ: MATH349.
   RESTRICTIONS: Graduate credit only for teachers.

MATH 555  Applied Calculus for Business and Economics  3
   Accelerated version of the usual two-semester undergraduate preparation
   in calculus.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires high school algebra. Designed for students
   enrolling in M.B.A. program.

MATH 600  Fundamentals of Real Analysis  3
   Rigorous introduction to classical real analysis. Brief review of real
   numbers and a thorough discussion of the basic topology of metric
   spaces. Covers in detail the following topics: the analysis of sequences
   and series, continuity, differentiation and Taylor's theorem, and the
   analysis of sequences and series of functions.
   PREREQ: MATH245.

MATH 602  Advanced Calculus - Introduction to Analysis II  3
   Continuation of MATH600 OR MATH601.
   PREREQ: MATH600.

MATH 605  Applied Functional Analysis  3
   Introduction to formulation and solution of problems of engineering and
   science by means of functional analytic methods in Hilbert and Banach
   spaces. Includes boundary and initial value problems in ordinary and
   partial differential equations as well as integral equations. Emphasis
   on constructive techniques: variational methods, approximate solutions,
   bounds for eigenvalues, etc.
   PREREQ: MATH514, PHYS608, MEEG864 or advanced calculus.

MATH 609  Intermediate Ordinary Differential Equations with Applications  3
   Theory and applications of ordinary differential equations; existence
   theorems of linear and nonlinear systems, oscillation theorems,
   stability theory, and Sturm-Liouville theory.
   PREREQ: MATH302, MATH349 and one semester of advanced calculus.

MATH 610  Introduction to Partial Differential Equations with Applications
          3
   Introduction to partial differential equations: equations of
   mathematical physics and their classical theories emphasizing boundary
   and initial value problems and their interpretations.
   PREREQ: One semester of advanced calculus.

MATH 611  Introduction to Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing I  3
   Introduction to numerical computing, analysis and solution of systems of
   linear equations, linear least-squares, eigenvalue problems, methods for
   unconstrained optimization, solution of systems of nonlinear equations.
   Experience with standard computer packages, code development and
   simulations of applied problems.
   PREREQ: MATH503 or MEEG863 or PHYS207.

MATH 612  Introduction to Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing II  3
   Approximation, interpolation, data fitting and smoothing, numerical
   methods for ordinary differential equations. Additional topic selected
   at discretion of instructor. Experience with standard computer packages,
   code development and simulations of applied problems.
   PREREQ: MATH503 or MEEG863 or PHYS207.

MATH 613  Applied Symbolic Computation  3
   See CISC623 for course description.

MATH 616  Introduction to Applied Mathematics I  3
   Introduction to formulation of mathematical problems for systems of
   interest outside mathematics, particularly those from engineering and
   physics; systems studied vary; emphasis on interplay between system and
   mathematical model.
   PREREQ: One semester of advanced calculus and PHYS208.

MATH 617  Introduction to Applied Mathematics II  3
   Methods of attack on mathematical problems for systems of interest
   outside mathematics; calculus of variations techniques; and
   interpretation of solutions to problems in terms of systems.
   PREREQ: MATH616.
   RESTRICTIONS: Familiarity with systems treated acceptable in lieu of
   Prereq.

MATH 630  Probability Theory and Applications  3
   Introduction to probability theory as background for further work in
   statistics or stochastic processes. Sample spaces and axioms of
   probability; discrete sample spaces having equally likely events;
   conditional probability and independence; random variables, classical
   discrete and continuous random variables; mathematical expectation and
   moments of a distribution; Chebyshev's inequality; and law of large
   numbers and central limit theorem. May be cross-listed with STAT601.

MATH 631  Introduction to Stochastic Processes  3
   Classical stochastic processes with emphasis on their properties, which
   do not involve measure theory. Course contents: Markov chains in
   discrete and in continuous time with examples from random walk, birth
   and death processes, branching processes and queueing theory. Renewal
   and Markov renewal processes. Basic notions of Brownian motion and
   second-order processes.
   PREREQ: MATH630.

MATH 632  Topics in Applied Probability  3
   The application of probability theory or stochastic processes in a
   specific area of science. May include treatment of probabilistic methods
   not ordinarily covered in other courses. Possible topics are the theory
   of queues, dams and inventories, replacement and reliability,
   probability models in population growth and biomathematics, Monte Carlo
   simulation, algorithmic methods in probability and operational methods.

MATH 650  Abstract Algebra  3
   Modular arithmetic, Chinese remainder theorem, rings (including
   polynomial rings), ideals and quotient rings, groups and homomorphism
   theorems, unique factorization and principal ideal domains, field
   extensions.
   PREREQ: MATH349.

MATH 672  Vector Spaces  3
   Vector spaces, linear transformations, decomposition theorems and
   bilinear forms.
   PREREQ: MATH349.

MATH 688  Combinatorics and Graph Theory with Applications I  3
   Permutations and combinations, generating functions and other
   enumeration techniques, recurrence relations, basic graph theory,
   partially ordered sets, combinatorial optimization and time complexity.
   PREREQ: An undergraduate course in linear algebra.

MATH 689  Combinatorics and Graph Theory with Applications II  3
   Selected topics from graph theory, combinatorial designs, finite
   geometries, extremal and probabilistic combinatorics. Applications to
   combinatorial optimization, experimental design and analysis of
   algorithms.
   PREREQ: MATH688.
   COREQ: MATH650.

MATH 694  Methods of Optimization  3
   Review of linear programming, unconstrained and constrained non-linear
   programs, numerical methods, Kuhn-Tucker theory, duality and Lagrange
   multipliers.

MATH 698  Thematic Seminar  2  PF
   Problems oriented class, topics vary from year to year. Aim is to give
   students research experience in mathematics and to show how mathematics
   is used to solve problems.

MATH 801  Calculus of Variations  3
   Comprehensive introduction to variational principles and methods in
   science and engineering; classical calculus of variations with
   applications to mechanics; problems of optimal control; direct methods
   including the method of Faedo-Gelerkin. Emphasis on applications.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires familiarity with concepts of advanced calculus.

MATH 805  Analysis I  3
   Topics include Lebesgue measure and integration, absolute continuity and
   functions of bounded variations, Lp spaces and Fubini's theorem.
   PREREQ: MATH602.

MATH 806  Analysis II  3
   Fundamental structures of modern analysis with special emphasis on the
   theory of Hilbert space, spectral theorems and application to integral
   and differential equations.
   PREREQ: MATH805.

MATH 807  Complex Analysis  3
   Complex numbers; analytic functions; geometry of elementary functions;
   integrals; power series; residues and poles.
   PREREQ: MATH602.

MATH 808  Complex Analysis  3
   Conformal mapping with applications; analytic continuation; Riemann
   surfaces; elliptic functions; and infinite products.
   PREREQ: MATH807.

MATH 811  Topics in Analysis  3
   Investigation of topics chosen from function theory, functional
   analysis, optimization, etc.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires permission of instructor.

MATH 815  Functional Analysis  3
   Topological vector spaces with short introductory review of Banach
   spaces.
   PREREQ: MATH806.

MATH 818  Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations  3
   Linear systems with isolated singularities and systems with periodic
   coefficients; boundary value problems; Poincare-Bendixson theory.
   PREREQ: MATH609 and MATH805.

MATH 819  Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations  3
   Singular Sturm-Liouville theory; asymptotic behavior of linear and
   nonlinear systems; and topics of current research.
   PREREQ: MATH818.

MATH 822  Integral Equations  3
   Fredholm and Hilbert-Schmidt theories of Fredholm integral equations of
   the second kind. Equations of the first kind. Volterra equations.
   Nonlinear eigenvalue problems. Applications to physics and engineering.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires permission of instructor.

MATH 823  Integral Equations  3
   Singular integral equations (Carleman and Wiener-Hopf equations).
   Nonlinear integral equations (Volterra and Hammerstein equations).
   Nonlinear singular integral equations. Applications to physics and
   engineering (the nonlinear oscillator, the airfoil equation, the Tricomi
   Problem in partial differential equations, etc.).
   PREREQ: MATH822.

MATH 824  Topics in Applied Mathematics  3
   Topics chosen from asymptotic analysis, elasticity, electromagnetic
   theory, fluid dynamics, optimal control theory and other areas.
   RESTRICTIONS: Requires permission of instructor.

MATH 827  General Topology I  3
   Generation and properties of topological spaces. Continuity, separation
   and countability properties; and convergence of nets and filters.

MATH 828  General Topology II  3
   Compactness and connectedness, metrization, uniform spaces and basic
   homotopy theory.
   PREREQ: MATH827.

MATH 835  Partial Differential Equations I  3
   First order differential equations and systems. Existence and uniqueness
   for elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic equations. Boundary and initial
   value problems for equations of hyperbolic and parabolic type in two
   independent variables. Classical approaches employed.
   PREREQ: MATH610.

MATH 836  Partial Differential Equations II  3
   Cauchy's problem and initial boundary value problems for hyperbolic and
   parabolic equations and systems. Boundary value problems for elliptic
   equations and systems. Equations of mixed type. Emphasis on modern
   approaches.
   PREREQ: MATH835 and MATH805.

MATH 838  Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations  3
   Introduces concepts of consistency, stability and convergence of
   numerical schemes. Emphasis on various finite difference schemes and
   their applications to fundamental partial differential equations.
   PREREQ: MATH610.

MATH 839  Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations  3
   Emphasis on finite element method and its applications to physical
   problems.
   PREREQ: MATH838.

MATH 845  Group Theory with Applications  3
   Groups acting on sets, the class equation, Sylow's theorems, free
   groups, classical groups, Polya enumeration theory, groups and graphs,
   Frieze groups and crystallographic groups, and the group Knapsack
   problem.
   PREREQ: MATH650.

MATH 846  Field Theory with Applications  3
   Field extensions, structure of finite fields, and basics of Galois
   theory. Applications of finite fields to block designs and finite
   geometries. Additional applications may include impulse response
   sequences, pseudorandom sequences, algebraic coding theory (BCH and
   Goppa codes) and cryptosystems.
   PREREQ: MATH650, MATH672, and MATH845.

MATH 850  Foundation of Probability Theory  3
   Mathematically rigorous treatment of the foundations of probability
   theory. Families of sets, semi-ring and sigma algebras, axioms of
   probability, and extension theorem. Random variables, probability
   distributions, and modes of convergence for sequences of random
   variables. Product measure and independence and conditional expectation.
   The weak and strong laws of large numbers, the central limit theorem and
   the law of the iterated logarithm.
   PREREQ: MATH630 and MATH805.

MATH 851  Stochastic Processes  3
   Mathematically rigorous treatment of stochastic processes. Course
   content: general definitions, separability, Kolmogorov consistency
   condition. Markov processes and Brownian motion. In-depth discussion of
   topics such as weak convergence of processes, martingale theory,
   diffusion processes or second order processes, as announced by
   instructor.
   PREREQ: MATH850.

MATH 868  Research  1-6

MATH 869  Master's Thesis  1-6

MATH 870  Reading in Mathematics  1-6

MATH 887  Mathematical Methods of Physics and Engineering  3
   Green's function and eigenfunction expansions for boundary value
   problems, theory of distributions, weak solution, metric spaces,
   contractions, integral equations and Hilbert spaces.
   PREREQ: MATH503, MATH508 or MEEG863, MEEG864 or PHYS607, and PHYS608.

MATH 964  Pre-Candidacy Study  3-12  PF
   Research and readings in preparation of dissertation topic and/or
   qualifying examinations for doctoral students before admission to
   candidacy but after completion of all required course work.
   RESTRICTIONS: Not open to students who have been admitted to candidacy.

MATH 969  Doctoral Dissertation  1-12  PF