CLINICAL URINALYSIS
The knowledge of the principles and clinical significance of routine urinalysis are essential to the entry level bench technologist. Proper performance and understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic procedures, quality assurance, and clinical correlation should be observed and practiced during this phase of the student's medical technology instruction.

For satisfactory completion of this unit, the student should be able to:

1. Using affiliate laboratory guidelines, evaluate urine specimen for acceptability and take necessary action when the specimen is unsuitable for analysis.
2. Discuss the importance of proper handling and timely examination of a urine specimen.
3. Perform the macroscopic and microscopic urinalysis tests according to established laboratory procedures.
4. Perform the confirmatory tests when appropriate to complete a routine urinalysis.
5. Perform the quality control procedures for routine urinalysis according to laboratory protocol.
6. Evaluate and record control results, taking corrective action when necessary.
7. Calibrate, perform preventive maintenance, and operate the reagent strip analyzer.
8. Evaluate and record results, rechecking results as needed.
9. Under supervision (if allowed by affiliate laboratory guidelines), report patient test results.
10. Describe the clinical decision making which determines whether a microscopic analysis is performed.
11. Differentiate between the following specimens: timed: 2 hour, 24 hour, postprandial, clean catch, midstream
12. State the reference value and two conditions associated with an abnormal value for the following physical properties of urine:
• volume
• specific gravity
• clarity
• color
• odor
13. Differentiate between specific gravity, osmolality and osmolarity.
14. Explain the principle of refractometry and osmolality.
15. Discuss the expected values for the normal population and conditions where abnormal values might be found for the following chemical tests:
• pH
• protein
• glucose
• ketone bodies
• occult blood
• bilirubin
• urobilinogen
• nitrite
16. Differentiate between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus.
17. Identify the three ketone bodies.
18. Name two reducing substances and conditions when these may be found.
19. Differentiate between conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin.
20. Compare and contrast confirmatory tests available in urinalysis with tests performed on a reagent strip.
21. Identify and enumerate the following urinary sediment/components:
• cell types
• types of casts
• crystals found in acid pH
• crystals found in alkaline pH
22. Discuss the significance of the urinary components listed in #9.
23. Discuss the appearance and the significance of the following crystals
• cholesterol
• bilirubin
• cystine
• leucine
• tyrosine

Clinical Practicum Home