4.  According to this photomicrograph of the patient's urine, what medical conditions could these formed elements signify?

image ques#4  

Answer:
The formed elements seen here are red blood cells.  Hematuria, the appearance of red blood cells in urine, results from any condition that causes infection, inflammation, or injury to the urinary tract system.  Red blood cells in the urine could signify glomerulonephritis,
glomerulosclerosis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, renal calculi, tumors, hemorrhoids, trauma, as well as some types of drug usage.

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