A 20-year-old woman is complaining of frequent urination, dehydration, fatigue, and rapid weight loss. She claims that her urine has a sweet, fruity scent.  After visiting the doctor, she is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Her urinalysis results were:

Color: yellow  (varies)	Protein: 3+ (negative)	Blood: negative (negative)
Appearance: hazy  (varies)	Glucose: 200 mg/dL (negative)	Urobilinogen: 0.2 mg/dL (0.1-1.0 mg/dL)
Specific gravity: 1.025 (random: 1.010- 1.025)	Ketones: small (negative)	Nitrite: negative (negative)
pH: 6.0 (5.0-8.0)	Bilirubin: negative (negative)	Leukocyte: small (negative)

1) What is causing the high specific gravity?  ANSWER

2) What is causing the presence of ketones in the urine?  ANSWER

3) Is there a discrepancy between the chemical glucose result and the Clinitest? ANSWER

4) Could ascorbic acid have possibly interfered with this particular Clinitest result?  ANSWER

5) Why is the presence of this formed element (400x) not a concern?  ANSWER

                 

6) What is this formed element (400x), and why would it be present in this patient's sample?  ANSWER

                   

7) Based on the chemical results, what other confirmatory tests, besides the Clinitest, need to be run?  ANSWER

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