Fall 1996
Office: 240 Pearson
Class meetings: T 6:00 - 9:00 p.m.
Phone: 8318029 Office Hours: TR 11:00 12:30
e-mail: eperse@udel.edu &
by appointment
Course Description: The purpose of this seminar is to trace
the evolution and structure of the major social scientific theories
of mass communication. A variety of areas of theory and research
will be surveyed including: the evolution of mass communication
thought; models of mass communication, theories of media effects,
theories of intended social change, audience-based approaches,
effects of sexual and violent media content, social construction
of reality, media and politics and public opinion, news and public
knowledge, global communication theories, and social impact of
new communication technologies.
Texts:
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (Eds.). (1994). Media effects:
Advances in theory and research. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [BZ]
DeFleur, M. L., & BallRokeach, S. (1989). Theories
of mass communication (5th ed.). New York: Longman. [DB]
McQuail, D. (1987). Mass communication theory: An introduction
(2nd ed.). London: Sage. [M]
McQuail, D., & Windahl, S. (1993). Communication models:
For the study of mass communications (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
[MW]
Additional library readings from books and journals (see bibliography).
Assignments: Students will complete several written assignments.
All papers should follow the style of the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association, 4th edition. Class
members should be prepared to expand on all written work in class
discussions.
Weekly papers. Students will complete 5 weekly papers (for half of the class meetings). These papers will be syntheses of a set of related readings that will explore, explain, expand, and critically analyze a concept/idea, theoretical perspective, or body of research. For example students should critically assesses the area, note strengths and weaknesses, and suggest how the area of study advances our understanding of mass communication theory. Students should be prepared to talk about and lead the class in brief discussion about the ideas in their paper. Students will be able to select from a range of topics for these weekly papers. The papers are due the class meeting the topic is assigned. Each paper should be about 6 doublespaced, typed pages (plus references) and is worth 10 points.
Seminar papers. Students will complete a paper on one of
the course topic areas for a more detailed examination. This paper
should explain, expand upon, review, and criticize the theory
and research in a chosen area. The paper should address the following:
What does this theory seek to explain?
Explain the theory and its major concepts.
What are the ontological and epistemological assumptions that guide it?
What research methodologies are used by researchers in this area?
What are some representative research findings?
Is the theoretical approach valid?
What are some strengths and weakness of the theory and research?
What are the future research needs?
Seminar papers are due by 3:00 on December 13. Each seminar paper
should be about 15 doublespaced, typed pages (plus references)
and is worth 30 points.
Discussion Questions. For each class meeting that the student
does not prepare a written assignment, students should prepare
three questions drawn from that meeting's required readings. Students'
questions will be the basis of class discussion. The questions
should raise issues drawn from the readings. Provide at least
two "probes" that will stimulate class discussion and
link the readings to concepts drawn from other classes, other
readings, or topics of general concern. Discussion questions are
due at the end of class and worth 3 points.
Exam. There will be a one cumulative final exam. This exam
will be taken during the final exam meeting and will be worth
40 points.
Grading: There are a total of 138 points for the class.
Grades will be assigned as follows:
| 124 = A | 96 = C |
| 120 = A- | 92 = C- |
| 114 = B+ | 87 = D+ |
| 110 = B | 83 = D |
| 106 = B- | 78 = D- |
| 108 = C+ | below 78 = F |
| Date | Topic |
| Sept 10 | Introduction |
| Sept 17 | General Theoretical Perspectives and Models
History of the Study of Mass Communication |
| Sept 24 | Media and Society Links |
| Oct 1 | Audience-Centered Approaches |
| Oct 8 | Uses and Gratifications |
| Oct 15 | Models of Media Effects |
| Oct 22 | Effects of Sexual and Violent Media Content |
| Oct 29 | Social Construction of Reality |
| Nov 5 | Mass Media and Intended Social Change |
| Nov 12 | NO CLASS--ELECTION DAY |
| Nov 19 | News and Public Knowledge |
| Nov 26 | SCA--Work on Seminar Paper |
| Dec 3 | Media, Politics, and Public Opinion |
| Dec 10 | Impacts of New Communication Technologies Global Communication |
| ?? | Final Exam |
General Perspectives on Mass Communication
History of the Study of Mass Communication
Required Readings
[MW] Chapters 1 and 2
[M] Chapters 1 and 2
[DB] Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4
Berelson, B. (1959). The state of communication research. Public
Opinion Quarterly, 23, 1-17.
Rogers, E. M. (1986). History of communication science. In Communication
technology: The new media in society (pp. 68-115). White Plains,
NY: Longman.
Gitlin, T. (1978). Media sociology: The dominant paradigm. Theory
and Society, 6, 205-253. (Reprinted in G. C. Cleveland
& H. de Bock (Eds.), Mass Communication Yearbook, 1981,
Vol. 2, pp. 73-121.
Media-Society-Culture Links
Required Readings
[DB] Chapter 5: The mass media as social systems.
[DB] Chapter 6: Mass society and the magic bullet theory.
[M] Chapter 3: Theory of media and theory of society.
[M] Chapter 4: Mass communication and culture.
[M] Chapter 5: Normative theories of media performance.
Assignments
Structural Functionalism
Anderson, J. A., & Meyer, T. P. (1975). Functionalism and
the mass media. Journal of Broadcasting, 19, 11-22.
Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The structure and function of communication
in society. In L. Bryson (Ed.), The communication of ideas
(pp. 3751). New York: Harper and Row.
Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. (1948). Mass communication,
popular taste, and organized social action. In L. Bryson (Ed.),
The communication of ideas (pp. 95118). New York:
Harper and Row.
Wright, C. (1964). Functional analysis and mass communication.
In L. A. Dexter & D. M. White (Eds.), People, society,
and mass communication (pp. 91109). New York:
Free Press.
Feminist Approaches
Steeves, H. L. (1987). Feminist theories and media studies. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 95135.
van Zoonen, L. (1991). Feminist perspectives on the media. In
J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and society
(pp. 33-54). London: Edward Arnold.
Rakow, L. F. (1988). Gendered technology, gendered practice. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 5, 5770.
Spigel, L. (1989). The domestic economy of television viewing
in postwar America. Critical Studies in Mass Communication,
6, 337354.
Four Theories of the Press
Siebert, F. S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1963). Four
theories of the press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Mass Culture and Popular Culture
Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (1977). The culture industry:
Enlightenment as mass deception. In J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, &
J. Wollacott (Eds.), Mass communication and society (pp.
349-383). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Gitlin, T. (1987). Prime time ideology: The hegemonic process
in television entertainment. In H. Newcomb (Ed.), Television:
The critical view (4th ed., pp. 507-532).
Meehan, E. R. (1993). Heads of household and ladies of the house:
Gender, genre, and broadcast ratings, 1929-1990. In W. S. Solomon
& R. W. McChesney (Eds.), Ruthless criticism: New perspective
in U.S. communication history (pp. 204-221). Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press.
Rosen, R. (1986). Search for yesterday. In T. Gitlin (Ed.), Watching television (pp. 42-67). New York: Pantheon.
Audience-Centered Approaches
Required Readings
[BZ] Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1994). Entertainment as media
effect.
[M] Chapter 11: Theory and research traditions.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion
as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J.
Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp.
157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Assignments
Selective Exposure 1
Boyanowsky, E. O. (1977). Film preferences under conditions of
threat: Whetting the appetite for violence, information, or excitement?
Communication Research, 4, 133144.
Boyanowsky, E. O., Newtson, D., Walster, E. (1974). Film preferences
following a murder. Communication Research, 1, 3243.
Fenigstein, A., & Heyduk, R. G. (1985). Thought and action
as determinants of media exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant
(Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 113-139).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D., & Wakshlag, J. (1985). Fear of victimization
and the appeal of crime drama. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant
(Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 141-156).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Selective Exposure 2
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D., (1984). Using television to alleviate
boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced
excitational states. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 1-20.
Christ, W. G., & Medoff, N. J. (1984). Affective state and
the selective exposure to and use of television. Journal of
Broadcasting, 28, 51-63.
Zillmann, D. (1980). Anatomy of suspense. In P. H. Tannenbaum
(Ed.). The entertainment functions of television (pp. 133-163).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D. (1991). Television viewing and physiological arousal.
In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen:
Reception and reaction processes (pp. 103-133). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Mood Management
Anderson, D. R., Collins, P. A., Schmitt, K. L., & Jacobvitz,
R. S. (996). Stressful life events and television viewing. Communication
Research, 23, 243-260.
Helregel, B. K. (1989). Moodmanagement during pregnancy
through selective exposure to television. Journal of Broadcasting
& Electronic Media, 33, 1533.
Meadowcroft, J. M., & Zillmann, D. (1987). Women's comedy
preferences during the menstrual cycle. Communication Research,
14, 204218.
Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full
advantage. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.),
Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147-171).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sensation Seeking and Media Use
Donohew, L., Lorch, E., & Palmgreen, P. (1991). Sensation
seeking and targeting of televised anti-drug PSAs. In L. Donohew,
H,. E. Sypher, & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Persuasive communication
and drug abuse prevention (pp. 209-226). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Perse, E. M. (1996). Sensation seeking and the use of television
for arousal. Communication Reports, 9, 37-48.
Rowland, G., Fouts, G., & Heatherton, T. (1989). Television
viewing and sensation seeking: Uses, preferences and attitudes.
Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1003-1006.
Schierman, M. J., & Rowland, G. L. (1985). Sensationseeking
and selection of entertainment. Personality and Individual
Differences, 6, 599603.
Tamborini, R., & Stiff, J. (1987). Predictors of horror film
attendance and appeal: An analysis of the audience for frightening
films. Communication Research, 14, 415436.
Audience-Centered Approaches:
Uses and Gratifications
Required Readings
[BZ] Rubin, A. M. (1994). Media uses and effects: A uses and gratifications
perspective.
[MW] Chapter 5: Audience-centered models.
[M] Chapter 12: The social character of audience experience.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization
of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler &
E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications (pp. 1932).
Beverly Hills: Sage.
Assignments
Uses and Gratifications: Early Research
Berelson, B. R. (1954). What "missing the newspaper"
means. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of mass
communication (pp. 3647). Urbana: University of Illinois
Press.
Herzog, H. (1944). What do we really know about daytime serial
listeners? In P. F. Lazarsfeld & F. N. Stanton (Eds.), Radio
research 19421943 (pp. 333). New York: Duell,
Sloan & Pearce.
Mendelsohn, H. (1964). Listening to radio. In L. A. Dexter &
D. M. White (Eds.), People, society, and mass communication
(pp. 239249). New York: Free Press.
Uses and Gratifications: Current Approaches
Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. D. (1981). Gratifications
discrepancies and news program choice. Communication Research,
8, 451478.
Perse, E. M. (1990). Audience selectivity and involvement in the
newer media environment. Communication Research, 17,
675697.
Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and instrumental television viewing.
Journal of Communication, 34(3), 6777.
Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and television news gratifications. Communication Research, 14, 5884.
Critique of Uses and Gratifications
Carey, J. W., & Kreiling, A. L. (1974). Popular culture and
uses and gratifications: Notes toward an accommodation. In J.
G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications:
Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 225-248).
Beverly Hills: Sage.
Elliott, P. (1974). Uses and gratifications research: A critique
and sociological alternative. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.),
The uses of mass communication: Current perspectives on gratifications
research (pp. 249268). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Messaris, P. (1977). Biases of self reported functions and gratifications
of media use. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 34, 316-329.
Swanson, D. L. (1979). Political communication research and the
uses and gratifications model: A critique. Communication Research,
6, 37-53.
Media Uses and Effects
Carveth, R., & Alexander, A. (1985). Soap opera viewing motivations
and the cultivation process. Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic Media, 29, 259-273.
Ferguson, D. A. (1994). Measurement of mundane TV behaviors: Remote
control device flipping frequency. Journal of Broadcasting
& Electronic Media, 38, 35-47.
Perse, E. M. (1994). Uses of erotica and acceptance of rape myths.
Communication Research, 21, 488515.
Perse, E. M. (1990). Media involvement and local television news
effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media,
34, 1736.
Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A. (1985). Loneliness,
parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing. Human
Communication Research, 12, 155180.
Models of Media Effects
Required Readings
[DB] Chapter 7: Theories of selective influence.
[M] Chapter 13: Processes of short-term change.
Linz, D. G., & Donnerstein, E. (1989). The effects of violent
messages in the mass media. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message
effects in communication science (pp. 263293). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. M., & Pan, Z. (1991). On understanding
and misunderstanding media effects. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch
(Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 235-266). London: Edward
Arnold.
McLeod, J. M., & Reeves, B. (1980). On the nature of media
effects. In S. B. Withey & R. P. Abeles (Eds.), Television
and social behavior: Beyond violence and children (pp. 17-54).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Assignments
History of Media Effects
Bineham, J. L. (1988). A historical account of the hypodermic
model in mass communication. Communication Monographs,
55, 230246. and Chaffee's rejoinder following: Chaffee,
S. H. (1988). Differentiating the hypodermic model from empirical
research: A comment on Bineham's commentaries. Communication
Monographs, 55, 247249.
Chaffee, S. H., & Hochheimer, J. L. (1982). The beginnings of political communication research in the United States: Origins of the "Limited Effects" model. In E. Rogers & F. Balle (Eds.), The media revolution in America and Western Europe (pp. 262283). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (Reprinted in M. Gurevitch & M. R. Levy (Eds.), Mass Communication Yearbook, Vol.
5, pp. 75104).
Wartella, E., & Reeves, B. (1983). Historical trends in research
on children and the media: 1900-1960. Journal of communication,
35(2), 118-133.
Priming
[BZ] Jo, E., & Berkowitz, L. (1994). A priming effect analysis of media influences: An update.
Geis, F. L., Brown, V., Jennings, J., & Porter, N. (1984).
TV commercial as achievement scripts for women. Sex Roles,
10, 513-525.
Hansen, C. H. (1989). Priming sex-role stereotypic event schemas
with rock music videos: Effects of impression favorability, trait
inferences, and recall of a subsequent male-female interaction.
Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 371-391.
Tan, A. S. (1979). TV beauty ads and role expectations of adolescent
female viewers. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 283-288.
Weaver, J. B., Masland, J. L., & Zillmann, D. (1984). Effect
of erotica on young men's aesthetic perception of their female
partners. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 929-930.
Social Learning Theory
[BZ] Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognition theory of mass communication.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission
of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal
of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of
film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology, 66, 3-11.
Tan, A. S. (1986). Social learning of aggression from television.
In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Perspectives on media
effects (pp. 41-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Persuasion and Media Effects
[BZ] Petty, R., & Priester, J. R. (1994). Mass media and attitude
change: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion.
Lowery, S., & DeFleur, M. L. (1995). Experiments with film:
Persuading the American soldier in World War II. In Milestones
in mass communication research: Media effects (pp. 135-164).
New York: Longman.
Wright, P. (1974). Analyzing media effects on advertising responses.
Public Opinion Quarterly, 28, 192-205.
Effects of Sexual and Violent Media Content
Required Readings
[BZ] Cantor, J. (1994). Fright reactions to mass media.
[BZ] Gunter, B. (1994). The question of media violence.
[BZ] Harris, R. J. (1994). The impact of sexually explicit media.
Malamuth, N. M., & Billings, V. (1986). The functions and
effects of pornography: Sexual communication versus the feminist
models in light of research findings. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann
(Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 83-108). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
Assignments
Violence: 1
Centerwall, B. S. (1989). Exposure to television as a cause of
violence. In G. Comstock (Ed.), Public communication and behavior
(Vol. 2, pp. 158). New York: Academic Press.
Hennigan, K. M., Del Rasarui, M. L., Heath, L., Cook, T. D., Wharton,
J. D., & Calder, B. J. (1982). Impact of the introduction
of television on crime in the United States: Empirical findings
and theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 42, 461-477.
Joy, L. A., Kimball, M. M., & Zabrack, M. L. (1986). Television
and children's aggressive behavior. In T. M. Williams (Ed.), The
impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities
(pp. 303-360). New York: Academic Press.
Stack, S., & Gundlach, J. (1992). The effect of country music
on suicide. Social Forces, 71, 221-218.
Violence
Atkin, C. K. (1983). Effects of realistic TV violence versus fictional
violence on aggression. Journalism Quarterly, 60, 615-621.
Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1977). Does media violence
increase children's toleration of real-life aggression? Developmental
Psychology, 10, 418-421.
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. H., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder,
L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American
Psychologist, 27, 253-263.
Freedman, J. (1984). Effect of television violence on aggressiveness.
Psychological Bulletin, 96, 227-246.
Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1986). The development of
aggression in American children as a consequence of television
violence viewing. In L. R. Huesmann & L. D. Eron (Eds.), Television
and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison (pp.
45-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Josephson, W. L. (1987). Television violence and children's aggression:
Testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 882-890.
Pornography
Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1984). Effects of
multiple exposure to filmed violence against women. Journal
of Communication, 34(3), 130147.
Linz, D., Fuson, I. A., & Donnerstein, E. (1990). Mitigating
the negative effects of sexually violent mass communications through
preexposure briefing. Communication Research, 17,
641674.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness,
and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication,
32(4), 1021.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1986). Shifting preferences in
pornography consumption. Communication Research, 13,
560578.
Critique of Pornography Research
Brannigan, A., & Goldenber, S. (1987). The study of aggressive
pornography: The vicissitudes of relevance. Critical Studies
in Mass Communication, 4, 262-283.
Colloquy on "Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization
of rape." Journal of Communication, 33(4),
107114. (Gross vs. Zillmann & Bryant)
Colloquy on "Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization
of rape." Journal of Communication, 36(1),
174188. (Christensen vs. Zillmann & Bryant)
Weaver, J. B., III. (1991). The impact of exposure to horror film
violence on perceptions of women: Is it the violence or an artifact?
In B. A. Austin (Ed.), Current research on Film: Audiences,
economics, and law (Vol. 5, pp. 1-18). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Social Construction of Reality
Required Readings
[M] Chapter 14: Longer-term and indirect change.
[BZ] McCombs, M. (1994). News influence on our pictures of the
world.
[BZ] Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N.
(1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective.
[MW] Chapter 4: Effects of mass communication on culture and society.
[DB] Chapter 8: Socialization and theories of indirect influence.
[DB] Chapter 9: Mass communication the the construction of meaning.
Assignments
Cultivation
Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The
violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 173-199.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980).
The "mainstreaming" of America: Violence profile no.
11. Journal of Communication , 30(3), 1029.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1982).
Charting the mainstream: Television's contributions to political
orientations. Journal of Communication, 32(2), 100-127.
Morgan, M. (1986). Television and the erosion of regional diversity.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30, 123-139.
Perse, E., M., Ferguson, D. M., & McLeod, D. M. (1994). Cultivation
in the newer media environment. Communication Research,
21, 79104.
Signorielli, N., & Lears, M. (1992). Television and children's
conception of nutrition: Unhealthy messages. Health Communication,
4, 245257.
Critiques of Cultivation
Hirsch, P. (1980). The "scary world" of the nonviewer
and other anomalies: A reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s findings
on cultivation analysis, part 1. Communication Research,
7, 403456.
Hirsch, P. (1981). On not learning from ones' own mistakes: A
reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s findings on cultivation analysis,
part II. Communication Research, 8, 3-37.
Hughes, M. (1980). The fruits of cultivation analysis: A re-examination
of the effects of television watching on fear of victimization,
alienation, and the approval of violence. Public Opinion Quarterly,
44, 287-302.
Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Taylor, D. S. (1988). A methodological
investigation of cultivation. Communication Research, 15,
107134.
Agenda Setting: 1
Becker, L. B. (1982). The mass media and citizen assessment of
issue importance: A reflection on agendasetting research.
In D. C. Whitney, E. Wartella, & S. Windahl (Eds.), Mass
communication review yearbook (Vol. 3, pp. 521536).
Beverly Hills: Sage.
Iyengar, S., Peters, M. D., & Kinder, D. R. (1982). Experimental
demonstrations of the "not-so-minimal" consequences
of television news programs. American Political Science Review,
76, 848-858.
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agendasetting
function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36,
176187.
Rogers, E. M., & Dearing, J. W. (1988). Agendasetting
research: Where has it been, where is it going? In J. A. Anderson
(Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 555594). Newbury
Park, CA: Sage
Agenda Setting: 2
Demers, D. P., Craff, D., Choi, Y., & Pessin, B. M. (1989).
Issue obtrusiveness and the agendasetting effects of national
network news. Communication Research, 16, 793812.
Iyengar, S. (1988). New directions of agendasetting research.
In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp.
595602). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Iyengar, S., & Simon, A. (1993). News coverage of the gulf
crisis and public opinion. Communication Research, 20,
365-383.
Mass Media and Intended Social Change
Required Readings
[BZ] Rice, R. E., & Atkin, C. (1994). Principles of successful
public communication campaigns.
[BZ] Brown, J. D., & Walsh-Childres, K. (1994). Effects of
media on personal and public health.
[MW] Chapter 3: Personal influence, diffusion and short-term effects
of mass communication on individuals.
[MW] Chapter 7: Planned Communication.
[DB] Chapter 10: Theoretical strategies for persuasion.
Assignments
Two-Step Flow and Opinion Leadership
Katz, E. (1957). The twostep flow of communication: An uptodate
report of an hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 21,
6178.
Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1966). Personal influence.
In B. Berelson & M. Janowitz (Eds.), Reader in public opinion
and communication (2nd ed., pp. 446454). New York: Free
Press.
Merton, R. K. (1949). Patterns of influence. In P. F. Lazarsfeld
& F. N. Stanton (Eds.), Communications research 19481949
(pp. 180219). New York: Harper and Row.
Menzel, H., & Katz, E. (1955). Social relations and innovation
in the medical profession: The epidemiology of a new drug. Public
Opinion Quarterly, 19, 337352.
Weimann, G. (1991). The influentials: Back to the concept of opinion
leaders? Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 267279.
Diffusion of Innovations and Change Agents
Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.).
New York: Free Press. (Chapters 5, 7, 8, and 9).
Public Communication Campaigns
Atkin, C. K., & Freimuth, C. K. (1989). Formative evaluation
research in campaign design. In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.),
Public communication campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 131-150).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Finnegan, J. R., Bracht, N., & Viswanath, K. (1989). Community power and leadership analysis in lifestyle campaigns. In C. T. Salmon (Ed.), Information campaigns: Balancing social values and social change (pp. 54-84). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Flay, B. R., & Cook, T. D. (1989). Three models for summative
evaluation of prevention campaigns with a mass media component.
In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication
campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 175-195). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
McGuire, W. J. (1989). Theoretical foundations of campaigns. In
R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns
(2nd ed., pp. 43-65). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Paisley, W. (1989). Public communication campaigns: The American
experience. In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public
communication campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 15-38). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Advertising
[BZ] Stewart, D. W., & Ward, S. (1994). Media effects on advertising.
Bryant, J., & Comisky, P. W. (1978). The effect of positioning
a message within differentially cognitively involving portions
of a television segment on recall of the message. Human Communication
Research, 5, 63-75.
Cronin, J. J., & Menelly, N. E. (1992). Discrimination vs.
Avoidance: "Zipping" of television commercials. Journal
of Advertising, 21, 1-7.
Goldberg, M. E., & Gorn, G. J. (1987). Happy and sad TV programs:
How they affect reactions to commercials. Journal of Consumer
Research, 14, 387-403.
Krugman, H. E. (1965). The impact of television advertising: Learning without involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29, 349-356.
Week 10
News and Public Knowledge
Required Readings
[M] Chapter 6: Media structures and institutions.
[M] Chapter 7: Media organization in its context.
[M] Chapter 8: The production of media culture.
[MW] Chapter 6: Media organization, selection and production.
Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G. A., & Olien, c. N. (1970). Mass
media and differential growth in knowledge. Public Opinion
Quarterly, 34, 159170.
Assignments
Knowledge Gaps
Donohue, G. A., Olien, C. N. & Tichenor, P. J. (1987). Media
access and knowledge gaps. Critical Studies in Mass
Communication, 4, 8792.
Ettema, J. S., & Kline, F. G. (1977). Deficits, differences,
and ceilings: Contingent conditions for understanding the knowledge
gap. Communication Research, 4, 179202.
Gaziano, C. (1985). The knowledge gap: An analytical review of
media effects. In M. Gurevitch & M. Levy (Eds)., Mass communication
review yearbook (Vol. 5, pp. 462501). Beverly Hills:
Sage.
Genova, B. K. L.,& Greenberg, B. S. (1979). Interests in news
and the knowledge gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43,
7991.
McLeod, D. M., & Perse, E. M. (1994). Direct and indirect
effects of socioeconomic status on public affairs knowledge. Journalism
Quarterly, 71, 433-442.
Gatekeeping 1
Bagdikian, B. H. (1992). The media monopoly (4th ed.).
Boston: Beacon Press.
Gatekeeping 2
Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent:
The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon.
Gatekeeping 3
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction
of reality. New York: Free Press.
Media, Politics, and Public Opinion
Required Readings
[BZ] McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. M., & McLeod, D. M. (1994).
The expanding boundaries of political communication effects.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence: A theory of
public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43-51.
Price, V., & Roberts, D. F. (1987). Public opinion processes.
In C. R. Berger & S. H. Chaffee (Eds.), Handbook of communication
science (pp. 781-816). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Assignments
Political Communication
Entman, R. M., & Rojecki, A. (1993). Freezing out the public:
Elite and media framing of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement. Political
Communication, 10, 155-173.
Garramone, G. M. (1983). Issue versus image orientation and effects
of political advertising. Communication Research, 10,
5976.
Lang, G. E., & Lang, K., (1978). Immediate and delayed responses
to a Carter-Ford debate: Assessing public opinion. Public Opinion
Quarterly, 42, 322-341.
Paletz, D. L., & Vinegar, R. J. (1977-78). Presidents on television:
The effects of instant analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly,
41, 488-497.
Public Opinion
Bennet, W. L. (1993). Constructing publics and their opinions.
Political Communication, 10, 101-120.
Bowen, G. L. (1989, December). Presidential action and public
opinion about U.S. Nicaraguan policy: Limits to the "rally
'round the flag" syndrome. PS: Political Science and Politics,
793-806.
Converse, P. E. (1987). Changing conceptions of public opinion
in the political process. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51,
S12-S24.
Lang, G. E., & Lang, K. (1980). Polling on Watergate: The battle for public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44, 530-547.
McLeod, D. M., Eveland, W. P., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Conflict
and public opinion: Rallying effects of the Persian Gulf War.
Journalism Quarterly, 71, 20-31.
Price, V. (1989). Social identification and public opinion: Effects
of communicating group conflict. Public Opinion Quarterly,
53, 197-224.
Spiral of Silence
Eveland, W. P., McLeod, D. M., & Signorielli, N. (1996). Actual
and perceived U.S. public opinion: The spiral of silence during
the Persian Gulf War. International Journal of Public Opinion
Research, 7, 91-109.
Glynn, C., & McLeod, J. (1985). Implications of the spiral
of silence theory for communication and public opinion research.
In. K. Sanders, L. Kaid, & D. Nimmo (Eds.), Political communication
yearbook 1984 (pp. 4365). Carbondale: Southern Illinois
Press.
Price, V., & Allen, C. (1990). Opinion spirals, silent and
otherwise: Applying smallgroup research to public opinion
phenomena. Communication Research, 17, 369392.
Simpson, C. (1996). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "spiral of
silence" and the historical context of communication theory.
Journal of Communication, 46(3), 149-173.
Social Movements and Protest
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media
in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University
of California Press. "Preliminaries": pp. 21-31, and
"Media routines and political crises" pp. 249-282.
Lehman-Wilzig, S. (1989). Protest, television, newspapers, and
the public: Who influences whom" Political Communication
and Persuasion, 6, 21-32.
McLeod, D. (1995). Communicating deviance: The effects of television
news coverage of social protest. Journal of Broadcasting &
Electronic Media, 39, 4-19.
Pride, R. A., & Richards, B. (1971). Denigration of authority?
Television news coverage of the student movement. Journal of
Politics, 36, 637-660.Week 11
Impacts of New Communication Technologies
Global Communication
Required Readings (Global Communication)
[MW] Chapter 9: International communication.
[MW] Chapter 8: New media and the information society.
Required Readings (New Communication Technologies)
[DB] Chapter 12: Emerging media systems
[BZ] Williams, F., Strover, S., & Grant, A. E. (1994). Social
aspects of new media technologies.
Assignments
Social Impacts of New Technologies
Dominick, J. R. (1984). Videogames, television violence, and aggression
in teenagers. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 136147.
Funk, J. B., & Buchman, D. D. (1996). Playing violent video
and computer games and adolescent self-concept. Journal of
Communication, 46(2), 19-32.
Heeter, C., Brown, N., Soffin, S., Stanley, C., & Salwen,
M. (1989). Agendasetting by electronic text news. Journalism
Quarterly, 66, 101106.
James, M. L., Wotring, C. E., & Forrest, E. J. (1995). An
exploratory study of the perceived benefits of electronic bulletin
board use and their impact on other communication activities.
Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 30-50.
Morgan, M., Shanahan, J., & Harris, C. (1990). VCRs and the
effects of television: New diversity of more of the same? In J.
R. Dobrow (Ed.), Social and cultural aspects of VCR use
(pp. 107-123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Webster, J. G. (1989). Television audience behavior: Patterns
of exposure in the new media environment. In J. L. Salvaggio &
J. Bryant (Eds), Media use in the information age: Emerging
patterns of adoption and consumer use (pp. 197-216). Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum.
New Theory for New Technologies
Biocca, F. (1992). Communication within virtual reality: Creating
a space for research. Journal of Communication, 42(4),
5-22.
Heeter, C. (1989). Implications of new interactive technologies
for conceptualizing communication. In J. L. Salvaggio & J.
Bryant (Eds), Media use in the information age: Emerging patterns
of adoption and consumer use (pp. 217-235). Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Markus, M. L. (1987). Toward a "critical mass" theory
of interactive media. Communication Research, 14, 491-511.
Rafaili, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication.
In R. P. Hawkins, J., W. Wiemann, & S. Pingree (Eds.), Advancing
communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal precesses
(pp. 110-134). Newbury Park: CA: Sage.
Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining
telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
Cultural Imperialism
Boy-Barrett, O. (1977). Media imperialism: Towards an international
framework for the analysis of media systems. In J. Curran, M.
Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Mass communication and
society (pp. 116-135). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Lee, C-C. (1989). The politics of international communication:
Changing the rules of the game. Gazette, 44, 75-91.
Salinas, R., & Paldan, L. (1979). Culture in the process of
dependent development: Theoretical perspectives. In K. Nordenstreng
& H. Il Schiller (Eds.), National sovereignty and international
communication (pp. 82-98). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Schiller, H. I. (1991). Not yet the postimperialist era.
Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8, 1328.
Flow of Mass Communication
Haynes, R. D., Jr. (1989). Test of Gultung's theory of structural
imperialism. In R. L. Stevenson & D. L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign
news and the New World Information Order (pp. 200-216). Ames:
Iowa State University.
Link, J. H. (1989). Test of the cultural dependency hypothesis. In R. L. Stevenson & D. L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign news and the New World Information Order (pp. 186-199). Ames: Iowa State University.
Meyer, W. H. (1991). Structures of north-south information flows:
An empirical test of Galtung's theory. Journalism Quarterly,
68, 230-237.
Straubhaar, J. D. (1991). Beyond media imperialism: Asymmetrical
interdependence and cultural proximity. Critical Studies in
Mass Communication, 8, 3959.
Varis, T. (1984). The international flow of television. Journal of Communication, 34(1), 143-152.