Elizabeth M. Perse
Office: 240 Pearson
Class meetings: T 6:00 - 9:00 p.m.
Phone: 8318029
Office Hours: TR 11:00 12:30
& by appointment
email: eperse@udel.edu
Course Description: The purpose of this seminar is to trace the evolution and structure of the major social scientific theories of mass communication. A variety of areas of theory and research will be surveyed including: the evolution of mass communication thought; models of mass communication, theories of media effects, theories of intended social change, audience-based approaches, effects of sexual and violent media content, social construction of reality, media and politics and public opinion, news and public knowledge, global communication theories, and social impact of new communication technologies.
Texts:
Assignments: Students will complete several written assignments. All papers should follow the style of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 4th edition. Class members should be prepared to expand on all written work in class discussions.
Weekly papers. Students will complete 5 weekly papers (for half of the class meetings). These papers will be syntheses of a set of related readings that will explore, explain, expand, and critically analyze a concept/idea, theoretical perspective, or body of research. For example students should critically assesses the area, note strengths and weaknesses, and suggest how the area of study advances our understanding of mass communication theory. Students should be prepared to talk about and lead the class in brief discussion about the ideas in their paper. Students will be able to select from a range of topics for these weekly papers. The papers are due the class meeting the topic is assigned. Each paper should be about 6 doublespaced, typed pages (plus references) and is worth 10 points.
Seminar papers. Students will complete a paper on one of the course topic areas for a more detailed examination. This paper should explain, expand upon, review, and criticize the theory and research in a chosen area. The paper should address the following:
Seminar papers are due by 3:00 on December 13. Each seminar paper should be about 15 doublespaced, typed pages (plus references) and is worth 30 points.
Discussion Questions. For each class meeting that the student does not prepare a written assignment, students should prepare three questions drawn from that meeting's required readings. Students' questions will be the basis of class discussion. The questions should raise issues drawn from the readings. Provide at least two "probes" that will stimulate class discussion and link the readings to concepts drawn from other classes, other readings, or topics of general concern. Discussion questions are due at the end of class and worth 3 points.
Exam. There will be a one cumulative final exam. This exam will be taken during the final exam meeting and will be worth 40 points.
Grading: There are a total of 138 points for the class. Grades will be assigned as follows:
| 124 = A | 96 = C |
| 120 = A- | 92 = C- |
| 114 = B+ | 87 = D+ |
| 110 = B | 83 = D |
| 106 = B- | 78 = D- |
| 108 = C+ | below 78 = F |
| Date | Topic |
| Sept 10 | Introduction |
| Sept 17 | General Theoretical Perspectives and Models
History of the Study of Mass Communication |
| Sept 24 | Media and Society Links |
| Oct 1 | Audience-Centered Approaches |
| Oct 8 | Uses and Gratifications |
| Oct 15 | Models of Media Effects |
| Oct 22 | Effects of Sexual and Violent Media Content |
| Oct 29 | Social Construction of Reality |
| Nov 5 | Mass Media and Intended Social Change |
| Nov 12 | NO CLASS--ELECTION DAY |
| Nov 19 | News and Public Knowledge |
| Nov 26 | SCA--Work on Seminar Paper |
| Dec 3 | Media, Politics, and Public Opinion |
| Dec 10 | Impacts of New Communication Technologies
Global Communication |
| ?? | Final Exam |
General Perspectives on Mass Communication
History of the Study of Mass Communication
[MW] Chapters 1 and 2
[M] Chapters 1 and 2
[DB] Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4
Berelson, B. (1959). The state of communication research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 23, 1-17.
Rogers, E. M. (1986). History of communication science. In Communication technology: The new media in society (pp. 68-115). White Plains, NY: Longman.
Gitlin, T. (1978). Media sociology: The dominant paradigm. Theory and Society, 6, 205-253. (Reprinted in G. C. Cleveland & H. de Bock (Eds.), Mass Communication Yearbook, 1981, Vol. 2, pp. 73-121.
Media-Society-Culture Links
[DB] Chapter 5: The mass media as social systems.
[DB] Chapter 6: Mass society and the magic bullet theory.
[M] Chapter 3: Theory of media and theory of society.
[M] Chapter 4: Mass communication and culture.
[M] Chapter 5: Normative theories of media performance.
Structural Functionalism
Anderson, J. A., & Meyer, T. P. (1975). Functionalism and the mass media. Journal of Broadcasting, 19, 11-22.
Lasswell, H. D. (1948). The structure and function of communication in society. In L. Bryson (Ed.), The communication of ideas (pp. 3751). New York: Harper and Row.
Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. (1948). Mass communication, popular taste, and organized social action. In L. Bryson (Ed.), The communication of ideas (pp. 95118). New York: Harper and Row.
Wright, C. (1964). Functional analysis and mass communication. In L. A. Dexter & D. M. White (Eds.), People, society, and mass communication (pp. 91109). New York: Free Press.
Feminist Approaches
Steeves, H. L. (1987). Feminist theories and media studies. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 95135.
van Zoonen, L. (1991). Feminist perspectives on the media. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 33-54). London: Edward Arnold.
Rakow, L. F. (1988). Gendered technology, gendered practice. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 5, 5770.
Spigel, L. (1989). The domestic economy of television viewing in postwar America. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 6, 337354.
Four Theories of the Press
Siebert, F. S., Peterson, T., & Schramm, W. (1963). Four theories of the press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Mass Culture and Popular Culture
Adorno, T. W., & Horkheimer, M. (1977). The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. In J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, & J. Wollacott (Eds.), Mass communication and society (pp. 349-383). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Gitlin, T. (1987). Prime time ideology: The hegemonic process in television entertainment. In H. Newcomb (Ed.), Television: The critical view (4th ed., pp. 507-532).
Meehan, E. R. (1993). Heads of household and ladies of the house: Gender, genre, and broadcast ratings, 1929-1990. In W. S. Solomon & R. W. McChesney (Eds.), Ruthless criticism: New perspective in U.S. communication history (pp. 204-221). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Rosen, R. (1986). Search for yesterday. In T. Gitlin (Ed.), Watching television (pp. 42-67). New York: Pantheon.
Audience-Centered Approaches
[BZ] Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1994). Entertainment as media effect.
[M] Chapter 11: Theory and research traditions.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157-190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Selective Exposure 1
Boyanowsky, E. O. (1977). Film preferences under conditions of threat: Whetting the appetite for violence, information, or excitement? Communication Research, 4, 133144.
Boyanowsky, E. O., Newtson, D., Walster, E. (1974). Film preferences following a murder. Communication Research, 1, 3243.
Fenigstein, A., & Heyduk, R. G. (1985). Thought and action as determinants of media exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 113-139). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D., & Wakshlag, J. (1985). Fear of victimization and the appeal of crime drama. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 141-156). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Selective Exposure 2
Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D., (1984). Using television to alleviate boredom and stress: Selective exposure as a function of induced excitational states. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 1-20.
Christ, W. G., & Medoff, N. J. (1984). Affective state and the selective exposure to and use of television. Journal of Broadcasting, 28, 51-63.
Zillmann, D. (1980). Anatomy of suspense. In P. H. Tannenbaum (Ed.). The entertainment functions of television (pp. 133-163). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zillmann, D. (1991). Television viewing and physiological arousal. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction processes (pp. 103-133). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Mood Management
Anderson, D. R., Collins, P. A., Schmitt, K. L., & Jacobvitz, R. S. (996). Stressful life events and television viewing. Communication Research, 23, 243-260.
Helregel, B. K. (1989). Moodmanagement during pregnancy through selective exposure to television. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 33, 1533.
Meadowcroft, J. M., & Zillmann, D. (1987). Women's comedy preferences during the menstrual cycle. Communication Research, 14, 204218.
Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147-171). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sensation Seeking and Media Use
Donohew, L., Lorch, E., & Palmgreen, P. (1991). Sensation seeking and targeting of televised anti-drug PSAs. In L. Donohew, H,. E. Sypher, & W. J. Bukoski (Eds.), Persuasive communication and drug abuse prevention (pp. 209-226). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Perse, E. M. (1996). Sensation seeking and the use of television for arousal. Communication Reports, 9, 37-48.
Rowland, G., Fouts, G., & Heatherton, T. (1989). Television viewing and sensation seeking: Uses, preferences and attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1003-1006.
Schierman, M. J., & Rowland, G. L. (1985). Sensationseeking and selection of entertainment. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 599603.
Tamborini, R., & Stiff, J. (1987). Predictors of horror film attendance and appeal: An analysis of the audience for frightening films. Communication Research, 14, 415436.
[BZ] Rubin, A. M. (1994). Media uses and effects: A uses and gratifications perspective.
[MW] Chapter 5: Audience-centered models.
[M] Chapter 12: The social character of audience experience.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications (pp. 1932). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Uses and Gratifications: Early Research
Berelson, B. R. (1954). What "missing the newspaper" means. In W. Schramm (Ed.), The process and effects of mass communication (pp. 3647). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Herzog, H. (1944). What do we really know about daytime serial listeners? In P. F. Lazarsfeld & F. N. Stanton (Eds.), Radio research 19421943 (pp. 333). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.
Mendelsohn, H. (1964). Listening to radio. In L. A. Dexter & D. M. White (Eds.), People, society, and mass communication (pp. 239249). New York: Free Press.
Uses and Gratifications: Current Approaches
Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & Rayburn, J. D. (1981). Gratifications discrepancies and news program choice. Communication Research, 8, 451478.
Perse, E. M. (1990). Audience selectivity and involvement in the newer media environment. Communication Research, 17, 675697.
Rubin, A. M. (1984). Ritualized and instrumental television viewing. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 6777.
Rubin, A. M., & Perse, E. M. (1987). Audience activity and television news gratifications. Communication Research, 14, 5884.
Critique of Uses and Gratifications
Carey, J. W., & Kreiling, A. L. (1974). Popular culture and uses and gratifications: Notes toward an accommodation. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 225-248). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Elliott, P. (1974). Uses and gratifications research: A critique and sociological alternative. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communication: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 249268). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Messaris, P. (1977). Biases of self reported functions and gratifications of media use. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 34, 316-329.
Swanson, D. L. (1979). Political communication research and the uses and gratifications model: A critique. Communication Research, 6, 37-53.
Media Uses and Effects
Carveth, R., & Alexander, A. (1985). Soap opera viewing motivations and the cultivation process. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 29, 259-273.
Ferguson, D. A. (1994). Measurement of mundane TV behaviors: Remote control device flipping frequency. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 38, 35-47.
Perse, E. M. (1994). Uses of erotica and acceptance of rape myths. Communication Research, 21, 488515.
Perse, E. M. (1990). Media involvement and local television news effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 1736.
Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, R. A. (1985). Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television news viewing. Human Communication Research, 12, 155180.
Models of Media Effects
[DB] Chapter 7: Theories of selective influence.
[M] Chapter 13: Processes of short-term change.
Linz, D. G., & Donnerstein, E. (1989). The effects of violent messages in the mass media. In J. J. Bradac (Ed.), Message effects in communication science (pp. 263293). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. M., & Pan, Z. (1991). On understanding and misunderstanding media effects. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass media and society (pp. 235-266). London: Edward Arnold.
McLeod, J. M., & Reeves, B. (1980). On the nature of media effects. In S. B. Withey & R. P. Abeles (Eds.), Television and social behavior: Beyond violence and children (pp. 17-54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
History of Media Effects
Bineham, J. L. (1988). A historical account of the hypodermic model in mass communication. Communication Monographs, 55, 230246. and Chaffee's rejoinder following: Chaffee, S. H. (1988). Differentiating the hypodermic model from empirical research: A comment on Bineham's commentaries. Communication Monographs, 55, 247249.
Chaffee, S. H., & Hochheimer, J. L. (1982). The beginnings of political communication research in the United States: Origins of the "Limited Effects" model. In E. Rogers & F. Balle (Eds.), The media revolution in America and Western Europe (pp. 262283). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (Reprinted in M. Gurevitch & M. R. Levy (Eds.), Mass Communication Yearbook, Vol.5, pp. 75104).
Wartella, E., & Reeves, B. (1983). Historical trends in research on children and the media: 1900-1960. Journal of communication, 35(2), 118-133.
Priming
[BZ] Jo, E., & Berkowitz, L. (1994). A priming effect analysis of media influences: An update.
Geis, F. L., Brown, V., Jennings, J., & Porter, N. (1984). TV commercial as achievement scripts for women. Sex Roles, 10, 513-525.
Hansen, C. H. (1989). Priming sex-role stereotypic event schemas with rock music videos: Effects of impression favorability, trait inferences, and recall of a subsequent male-female interaction. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 371-391.
Tan, A. S. (1979). TV beauty ads and role expectations of adolescent female viewers. Journalism Quarterly, 56, 283-288.
Weaver, J. B., Masland, J. L., & Zillmann, D. (1984). Effect of erotica on young men's aesthetic perception of their female partners. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 929-930.
Social Learning Theory
[BZ] Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognition theory of mass communication.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-582.
Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1963). Imitation of film-mediated aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 3-11.
Tan, A. S. (1986). Social learning of aggression from television. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 41-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Persuasion and Media Effects
[BZ] Petty, R., & Priester, J. R. (1994). Mass media and attitude change: Implications of the Elaboration Likelihood Model of persuasion.
Lowery, S., & DeFleur, M. L. (1995). Experiments with film: Persuading the American soldier in World War II. In Milestones in mass communication research: Media effects (pp. 135-164). New York: Longman.
Wright, P. (1974). Analyzing media effects on advertising responses. Public Opinion Quarterly, 28, 192-205.
Effects of Sexual and Violent Media Content
[BZ] Cantor, J. (1994). Fright reactions to mass media.
[BZ] Gunter, B. (1994). The question of media violence.
[BZ] Harris, R. J. (1994). The impact of sexually explicit media.
Malamuth, N. M., & Billings, V. (1986). The functions and effects of pornography: Sexual communication versus the feminist models in light of research findings. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 83-108). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Violence: 1
Centerwall, B. S. (1989). Exposure to television as a cause of violence. In G. Comstock (Ed.), Public communication and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 158). New York: Academic Press.
Hennigan, K. M., Del Rasarui, M. L., Heath, L., Cook, T. D., Wharton, J. D., & Calder, B. J. (1982). Impact of the introduction of television on crime in the United States: Empirical findings and theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 461-477.
Joy, L. A., Kimball, M. M., & Zabrack, M. L. (1986). Television and children's aggressive behavior. In T. M. Williams (Ed.), The impact of television: A natural experiment in three communities (pp. 303-360). New York: Academic Press.
Stack, S., & Gundlach, J. (1992). The effect of country music on suicide. Social Forces, 71, 221-218.
Violence
Atkin, C. K. (1983). Effects of realistic TV violence versus fictional violence on aggression. Journalism Quarterly, 60, 615-621.
Drabman, R. S., & Thomas, M. H. (1977). Does media violence increase children's toleration of real-life aggression? Developmental Psychology, 10, 418-421.
Eron, L. D., Huesmann, L. H., Lefkowitz, M. M., & Walder, L. O. (1972). Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist, 27, 253-263.
Freedman, J. (1984). Effect of television violence on aggressiveness. Psychological Bulletin, 96, 227-246.
Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (1986). The development of aggression in American children as a consequence of television violence viewing. In L. R. Huesmann & L. D. Eron (Eds.), Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison (pp. 45-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Josephson, W. L. (1987). Television violence and children's aggression: Testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 882-890.
Pornography
Linz, D., Donnerstein, E., & Penrod, S. (1984). Effects of multiple exposure to filmed violence against women. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 130147.
Linz, D., Fuson, I. A., & Donnerstein, E. (1990). Mitigating the negative effects of sexually violent mass communications through preexposure briefing. Communication Research, 17, 641674.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 1021.
Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1986). Shifting preferences in pornography consumption. Communication Research, 13, 560578.
Critique of Pornography Research
Brannigan, A., & Goldenber, S. (1987). The study of aggressive pornography: The vicissitudes of relevance. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 262-283.
Colloquy on "Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape." Journal of Communication, 33(4), 107114. (Gross vs. Zillmann & Bryant)
Colloquy on "Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape." Journal of Communication, 36(1), 174188. (Christensen vs. Zillmann & Bryant)
Weaver, J. B., III. (1991). The impact of exposure to horror film violence on perceptions of women: Is it the violence or an artifact? In B. A. Austin (Ed.), Current research on Film: Audiences, economics, and law (Vol. 5, pp. 1-18). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Social Construction of Reality
[M] Chapter 14: Longer-term and indirect change.
[BZ] McCombs, M. (1994). News influence on our pictures of the world.
[BZ] Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Growing up with television: The cultivation perspective.
[MW] Chapter 4: Effects of mass communication on culture and society.
[DB] Chapter 8: Socialization and theories of indirect influence.
[DB] Chapter 9: Mass communication the the construction of meaning.
Assignments
Cultivation
Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 173-199.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1980). The "mainstreaming" of America: Violence profile no. 11. Journal of Communication , 30(3), 1029.
Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., & Signorielli, N. (1982). Charting the mainstream: Television's contributions to political orientations. Journal of Communication, 32(2), 100-127.
Morgan, M. (1986). Television and the erosion of regional diversity. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 30, 123-139.
Perse, E., M., Ferguson, D. M., & McLeod, D. M. (1994). Cultivation in the newer media environment. Communication Research, 21, 79104.
Signorielli, N., & Lears, M. (1992). Television and children's conception of nutrition: Unhealthy messages. Health Communication, 4, 245257.
Critiques of Cultivation
Hirsch, P. (1980). The "scary world" of the nonviewer and other anomalies: A reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s findings on cultivation analysis, part 1. Communication Research, 7, 403456.
Hirsch, P. (1981). On not learning from ones' own mistakes: A reanalysis of Gerbner et al.'s findings on cultivation analysis, part II. Communication Research, 8, 3-37.
Hughes, M. (1980). The fruits of cultivation analysis: A re-examination of the effects of television watching on fear of victimization, alienation, and the approval of violence. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44, 287-302.
Rubin, A. M., Perse, E. M., & Taylor, D. S. (1988). A methodological investigation of cultivation. Communication Research, 15, 107134.
Agenda Setting: 1
Becker, L. B. (1982). The mass media and citizen assessment of issue importance: A reflection on agendasetting research. In D. C. Whitney, E. Wartella, & S. Windahl (Eds.), Mass communication review yearbook (Vol. 3, pp. 521536). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Iyengar, S., Peters, M. D., & Kinder, D. R. (1982). Experimental demonstrations of the "not-so-minimal" consequences of television news programs. American Political Science Review, 76, 848-858.
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agendasetting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176187.
Rogers, E. M., & Dearing, J. W. (1988). Agendasetting research: Where has it been, where is it going? In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 555594). Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Agenda Setting: 2
Demers, D. P., Craff, D., Choi, Y., & Pessin, B. M. (1989). Issue obtrusiveness and the agendasetting effects of national network news. Communication Research, 16, 793812.
Iyengar, S. (1988). New directions of agendasetting research. In J. A. Anderson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 11 (pp. 595602). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Iyengar, S., & Simon, A. (1993). News coverage of the gulf crisis and public opinion. Communication Research, 20, 365-383.
Mass Media and Intended Social Change
Required Readings
[BZ] Rice, R. E., & Atkin, C. (1994). Principles of successful public communication campaigns.
[BZ] Brown, J. D., & Walsh-Childres, K. (1994). Effects of media on personal and public health.
[MW] Chapter 3: Personal influence, diffusion and short-term effects of mass communication on individuals.
[MW] Chapter 7: Planned Communication.
[DB] Chapter 10: Theoretical strategies for persuasion.
Two-Step Flow and Opinion Leadership
Katz, E. (1957). The twostep flow of communication: An uptodate report of an hypothesis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 21, 6178.
Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1966). Personal influence. In B. Berelson & M. Janowitz (Eds.), Reader in public opinion and communication (2nd ed., pp. 446454). New York: Free Press.
Merton, R. K. (1949). Patterns of influence. In P. F. Lazarsfeld & F. N. Stanton (Eds.), Communications research 19481949 (pp. 180219). New York: Harper and Row.
Menzel, H., & Katz, E. (1955). Social relations and innovation in the medical profession: The epidemiology of a new drug. Public Opinion Quarterly, 19, 337352.
Weimann, G. (1991). The influentials: Back to the concept of opinion leaders? Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 267279.
Diffusion of Innovations and Change Agents
Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th ed.). New York: Free Press. (Chapters 5, 7, 8, and 9).
Public Communication Campaigns
Atkin, C. K., & Freimuth, C. K. (1989). Formative evaluation research in campaign design. In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 131-150). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Finnegan, J. R., Bracht, N., & Viswanath, K. (1989). Community power and leadership analysis in lifestyle campaigns. In C. T. Salmon (Ed.), Information campaigns: Balancing social values and social change (pp. 54-84). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Flay, B. R., & Cook, T. D. (1989). Three models for summative evaluation of prevention campaigns with a mass media component. In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 175-195). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
McGuire, W. J. (1989). Theoretical foundations of campaigns. In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 43-65). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Paisley, W. (1989). Public communication campaigns: The American experience. In R. E. Rice & C. E. Atkin (Eds.), Public communication campaigns (2nd ed., pp. 15-38). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Advertising
[BZ] Stewart, D. W., & Ward, S. (1994). Media effects on advertising.
Bryant, J., & Comisky, P. W. (1978). The effect of positioning a message within differentially cognitively involving portions of a television segment on recall of the message. Human Communication Research, 5, 63-75.
Cronin, J. J., & Menelly, N. E. (1992). Discrimination vs. Avoidance: "Zipping" of television commercials. Journal of Advertising, 21, 1-7.
Goldberg, M. E., & Gorn, G. J. (1987). Happy and sad TV programs: How they affect reactions to commercials. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 387-403.
Krugman, H. E. (1965). The impact of television advertising: Learning without involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29, 349-356.
News and Public Knowledge
[M] Chapter 6: Media structures and institutions.
[M] Chapter 7: Media organization in its context.
[M] Chapter 8: The production of media culture.
[MW] Chapter 6: Media organization, selection and production.
Tichenor, P. J., Donohue, G. A., & Olien, c. N. (1970). Mass media and differential growth in knowledge. Public Opinion Quarterly, 34, 159170.
Knowledge Gaps
Donohue, G. A., Olien, C. N. & Tichenor, P. J. (1987). Media access and knowledge gaps. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4, 8792.
Ettema, J. S., & Kline, F. G. (1977). Deficits, differences, and ceilings: Contingent conditions for understanding the knowledge gap. Communication Research, 4, 179202.
Gaziano, C. (1985). The knowledge gap: An analytical review of media effects. In M. Gurevitch & M. Levy (Eds)., Mass communication review yearbook (Vol. 5, pp. 462501). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Genova, B. K. L.,& Greenberg, B. S. (1979). Interests in news and the knowledge gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 7991.
McLeod, D. M., & Perse, E. M. (1994). Direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic status on public affairs knowledge. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 433-442.
Gatekeeping 1
Bagdikian, B. H. (1992). The media monopoly (4th ed.). Boston: Beacon Press.
Gatekeeping 2
Herman, E. S., & Chomsky, N. (1988). Manufacturing consent: The political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon.
Gatekeeping 3
Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free Press.
Media, Politics, and Public Opinion
[BZ] McLeod, J. M., Kosicki, G. M., & McLeod, D. M. (1994). The expanding boundaries of political communication effects.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 43-51.
Price, V., & Roberts, D. F. (1987). Public opinion processes. In C. R. Berger & S. H. Chaffee (Eds.), Handbook of communication science (pp. 781-816). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Political Communication
Entman, R. M., & Rojecki, A. (1993). Freezing out the public: Elite and media framing of the U.S. anti-nuclear movement. Political Communication, 10, 155-173.
Garramone, G. M. (1983). Issue versus image orientation and effects of political advertising. Communication Research, 10, 5976.
Lang, G. E., & Lang, K., (1978). Immediate and delayed responses to a Carter-Ford debate: Assessing public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 42, 322-341.
Paletz, D. L., & Vinegar, R. J. (1977-78). Presidents on television: The effects of instant analysis. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 488-497.
Public Opinion
Bennet, W. L. (1993). Constructing publics and their opinions. Political Communication, 10, 101-120.
Bowen, G. L. (1989, December). Presidential action and public opinion about U.S. Nicaraguan policy: Limits to the "rally 'round the flag" syndrome. PS: Political Science and Politics, 793-806.
Converse, P. E. (1987). Changing conceptions of public opinion in the political process. Public Opinion Quarterly, 51, S12-S24.
Lang, G. E., & Lang, K. (1980). Polling on Watergate: The battle for public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44, 530-547.
McLeod, D. M., Eveland, W. P., & Signorielli, N. (1994). Conflict and public opinion: Rallying effects of the Persian Gulf War. Journalism Quarterly, 71, 20-31.
Price, V. (1989). Social identification and public opinion: Effects of communicating group conflict. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53, 197-224.
Spiral of Silence
Eveland, W. P., McLeod, D. M., & Signorielli, N. (1996). Actual and perceived U.S. public opinion: The spiral of silence during the Persian Gulf War. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 7, 91-109.
Glynn, C., & McLeod, J. (1985). Implications of the spiral of silence theory for communication and public opinion research. In. K. Sanders, L. Kaid, & D. Nimmo (Eds.), Political communication yearbook 1984 (pp. 4365). Carbondale: Southern Illinois Press.
Price, V., & Allen, C. (1990). Opinion spirals, silent and otherwise: Applying smallgroup research to public opinion phenomena. Communication Research, 17, 369392.
Simpson, C. (1996). Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "spiral of silence" and the historical context of communication theory. Journal of Communication, 46(3), 149-173.
Social Movements and Protest
Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley: University of California Press. "Preliminaries": pp. 21-31, and "Media routines and political crises" pp. 249-282.
Lehman-Wilzig, S. (1989). Protest, television, newspapers, and the public: Who influences whom" Political Communication and Persuasion, 6, 21-32.
McLeod, D. (1995). Communicating deviance: The effects of television news coverage of social protest. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 4-19.
Pride, R. A., & Richards, B. (1971). Denigration of authority? Television news coverage of the student movement. Journal of Politics, 36, 637-660.
Impacts of New Communication Technologies
Global Communication
[MW] Chapter 9: International communication.
[MW] Chapter 8: New media and the information society.
Required Readings (New Communication Technologies)
[DB] Chapter 12: Emerging media systems
[BZ] Williams, F., Strover, S., & Grant, A. E. (1994). Social aspects of new media technologies.
Social Impacts of New Technologies
Dominick, J. R. (1984). Videogames, television violence, and aggression in teenagers. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 136147.
Funk, J. B., & Buchman, D. D. (1996). Playing violent video and computer games and adolescent self-concept. Journal of Communication, 46(2), 19-32.
Heeter, C., Brown, N., Soffin, S., Stanley, C., & Salwen, M. (1989). Agendasetting by electronic text news. Journalism Quarterly, 66, 101106.
James, M. L., Wotring, C. E., & Forrest, E. J. (1995). An exploratory study of the perceived benefits of electronic bulletin board use and their impact on other communication activities. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 39, 30-50.
Morgan, M., Shanahan, J., & Harris, C. (1990). VCRs and the effects of television: New diversity of more of the same? In J. R. Dobrow (Ed.), Social and cultural aspects of VCR use (pp. 107-123). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Webster, J. G. (1989). Television audience behavior: Patterns of exposure in the new media environment. In J. L. Salvaggio & J. Bryant (Eds), Media use in the information age: Emerging patterns of adoption and consumer use (pp. 197-216). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
New Theory for New Technologies
Biocca, F. (1992). Communication within virtual reality: Creating a space for research. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 5-22.
Heeter, C. (1989). Implications of new interactive technologies for conceptualizing communication. In J. L. Salvaggio & J. Bryant (Eds), Media use in the information age: Emerging patterns of adoption and consumer use (pp. 217-235). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Markus, M. L. (1987). Toward a "critical mass" theory of interactive media. Communication Research, 14, 491-511.
Rafaili, S. (1988). Interactivity: From new media to communication. In R. P. Hawkins, J., W. Wiemann, & S. Pingree (Eds.), Advancing communication science: Merging mass and interpersonal precesses (pp. 110-134). Newbury Park: CA: Sage.
Steuer, J. (1992). Defining virtual reality: Dimensions determining telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93.
Cultural Imperialism
Boy-Barrett, O. (1977). Media imperialism: Towards an international framework for the analysis of media systems. In J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Mass communication and society (pp. 116-135). Beverly Hills: Sage.
Lee, C-C. (1989). The politics of international communication: Changing the rules of the game. Gazette, 44, 75-91.
Salinas, R., & Paldan, L. (1979). Culture in the process of dependent development: Theoretical perspectives. In K. Nordenstreng & H. Il Schiller (Eds.), National sovereignty and international communication (pp. 82-98). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Schiller, H. I. (1991). Not yet the postimperialist era. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8, 1328.
Flow of Mass Communication
Haynes, R. D., Jr. (1989). Test of Gultung's theory of structural imperialism. In R. L. Stevenson & D. L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign news and the New World Information Order (pp. 200-216). Ames: Iowa State University.
Link, J. H. (1989). Test of the cultural dependency hypothesis. In R. L. Stevenson & D. L. Shaw (Eds.), Foreign news and the New World Information Order (pp. 186-199). Ames: Iowa State University.
Meyer, W. H. (1991). Structures of north-south information flows: An empirical test of Galtung's theory. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 230-237.
Straubhaar, J. D. (1991). Beyond media imperialism: Asymmetrical interdependence and cultural proximity. Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 8, 3959.
Varis, T. (1984). The international flow of television. Journal of Communication, 34(1), 143-152.