1998
1999
2000
2001
Final Report to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, R.W. Birkmire and J.E. Phillips, 1997.
ìRecrystallization and Sulfer Diffusion in CdCl2-Treated CdTe/CdS Thin Films,î B.E. McCandless, L.V. Moulton, and R.B. Birkmire, Progress in Photovoltaics 5, 249 (1997).
"Next Generation CIGS for Solar Cells," A. Rockett, R.W. Birkmire, D. Morel, S. Fonash, J.-Y. Hou, M. Marudachalam, J. D'Amico, P. Panse, S. Zafar, and D.J. Schroeder, presented at NREL Conference, "Future Generation: Photovoltaic Technologies," Denver, CO, March 24-25, 1997.
ìTechnology Development Versus New Ideas Development by Universities,î Russell, T.W.F., First Generation Photovoltaic Technologies: First NREL Conference, AIP Conf. Proc., 404, 93 (1997).
ìA TPV System Using a Gold Filter with CuInSe2 Solar Cells,î W.J. Biter, K.A. Georg, and J.E. Phillips, presented at 3rd NREL Thermal Photovoltaic Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, May 20-21, 1997.
ìCurrent-Voltage Analysis of a-Si and a-SiGe Solar Cells Including Voltage-dependent Photocurrent Collection,î S.S. Hegedus, Progress in Photovoltaics5, 151 (1997).
**ìEffect of Temperature on Copper Indium Selenization,î N. Orbey, H. Hichri, R.W. Birkmire, and T.W.F. Russell, Progress in Photovoltaics5, 237 (1997).
"Polycrystalline Thin Film Solar Cells: Present Status and Future Potential," R.W. Birkmire and E. Eser, Annual Review of Materials Science 27, 625 (1997).
"Phases, Morphology and Diffusion in CuInxGa1-xSe2 Thin Films," M. Marudachalam, R.W. Birkmire, H. Hichri, J.M. Schultz, A. Swartzlander, and M.M. Al-Jassim, J. of Appl. Phys. 82(6), 2896 (1997).
ìEffect of Reduced Deposition Temperature, Time and Thickness on Cu(InGa)Se2 Films and Devices,î W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, S. Marsillac, M. Marudachalam, N. Orbey, and T.W.F. Russell, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 331 (1997).
ìRecent Progress and Critical Issues in Thin Film Polycrystalline Solar Cells and Modules,î R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 295 (1997).
ìAnalysis and Optimization of High Efficiency Multijunction a-Si:H Solar Cells,î R.E. Rocheleau, M. Tun, and S.S. Hegedus, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 703 (1997).
ìImproving Performance of Superstrate p-i-n a-Si Solar Cells by Optimization of nTCO/Metal Back Contacts,î S.S. Hegedus, W.A. Buchanan, and E. Eser, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 603 (1997).
ìDetermining the Voltage Dependence of the Light Generated Current in CuInSe2-based Solar Cells Using I-V Measurements Made at Different Light Intensities,î J.E. Phillips, J. Titus and D. Hofmann, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 463 (1997).
ìCdTe1-xSx Absorber Layers for Thin-Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,î B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 307 (1997).
ìHigh Efficiency CIGS and CIS Cells with CVD ZnO Buffer Layers,î L.C. Olsen, W. Lei, F.W. Addis, W.N. Shafarman, M.A. Contreras, and K. Ramanathan, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 363 (1997).
"Electrodeposited CdS Thin Films and Their Application in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," F. Kadirgen, D. Mao, A. Balcioglu, B.E. McCandless, W. Song, T.R. Ohno, and J.U. Trefny, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 443 (1997).
"Electrodeposited CdS Thin Films and Their Application in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," F. Kadirgen, D. Mao, A. Balcioglu, B.E. McCandless, W. Song, T.R. Ohno, and J.U. Trefny, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 443 (1997).
*ìIntroduction to the Thin Film Photovoltaic Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Institute of Energy Conversion at the University of Delaware, USA,î R.W. Birkmire and S.S. Hegedus, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 305-307 (1997).
*ìSummary of 4-1/2 Years of Research Experience of the US Amorphous Silicon Research Teams,î B. von Roedern, E. Schiff, J.D. Cohen, S. Wagner and S.S. Hegedus, Progress in Photovoltaics5(5), 345-352 (1997).
*ìSubstrates, Contacts and Monolithic Integration,î S.S. Hegedus, S. Albright, F. Jeffrey, T.J. McMahon and S. Wiedeman, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 365-370 (1997).
* ìDevice and Materials Characterization in Manufacturing,î J. Sites, J. Rand, L.L. Kazmerski and J.E. Phillips, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 371-378 (1997).
* ìDesign of Critical Experiments for Scale-up,î T.W.F. Russell, V. Dalal, R. Gay and S. Guha, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 353-357 (1997).
*ìSemiconductor Processing and Manufacturing,î W.N. Shafarman, B.M. Basol, J.S. Britt, R.B. Hall and R.E. Rocheleau, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 359-364 (1997).
*Papers resulting from the Thin Film Photovoltaic Symposium at the University of Delaware to commemorate the Institute of Energy Conversionís 25th Anniversary, May 1-2, 1997.
This also includes the following papers:
ìPrerequisites to Manufacturing Thin Film Photovoltaics,î R.R. Gay, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 337-343 (1997).
ìCrystalline Silicon Photovoltaics: The Hurdle for Thin Films,î R.G. Little and M.J. Nowlan, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 309-315 (1997).
ìThin Film (CIS) Photovoltaics: A Consortium Approach to Technology Development and Manufacturing,î M.S. Misra, Progress in Photovoltaics5(5), 333-336 (1997).
ìProduct Concept to Manufacturing -- Silicon-FilmTM: A New Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell,î A.M. Barnett, Progress in Photovoltaics5(5), 317-323 (1997).
ìThe Solarex Approach to Expanding the PV Business,î H. Forest, Progress in Photovoltaics 5(5), 325-331 (1997).
**ìReaction Analysis of the Formation of CuInSe2 Films in a Physical Vapor Deposition Reactor,î N. Orbey, G. Norsworthy, R.W. Birkmire, and T.W.F. Russell, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 6, 79 (1998).
ìMonolithically Integrated X-ray Detector Arrays for Computed Tomography,ì R. Sudharsanan, M. Yoganathan, G. Vakerlis, C.S. Ferekides, B. McCandless, R. Birkmire, R. Deych, and R. Luhta, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symposium487, 573 (1998).
ìChemical Kinetics and Equilibrium Analysis of I-III-VI Films,ì R.W. Birkmire and M. Engelmann, Proc. NCPV Program Review Mtg., 23 (1998).
ìInfluence of Processing Conditions on Performance and Stability in Polycrystalline Thin-Film CdTe-Based Solar Cells,ì B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. NCPV Photovoltaics Program Review Mtg.,182 (1998).
"Preparation and Characterization of Micro-Crystalline Hydrogenated Silicon Carbide p-Layers," E. Eser, S.S. Hegedus and W.A. Buchanan, Proc. NCPV Program Review Meeting, 254 (1998).
"Deposition and Analysis of CdTe1-xXx/CdS Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips and J. Titus, presented at National CdTe Team Meeting, Cocoa Beach, FL, January 1998.
"Analysis of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells: Why Performance Decreases with Increasing Ga Content," J.E. Phillips and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. NCPV Program Review Meeting, 120 (1998).
"Characterizing Contacts to P-Type CdTe in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips and J. Titus, Proc. 2nd World Conf. on PV Solar Energy, 448 (1998).
**ìOptimization of Vapor Post-Deposition Processing for Evaporated CdS/CdTe Solar Cells,ì B.E. McCandless, I. Youm, and R.W. Birkmire, Progress in Photovoltaics 7, 21 (1999).
"Manufacturable Large Area CdS Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications Monitored with Optical Emission Spectroscopy," L. Wang, I. Eisgruber, R. Hollingsworth, C. DeHart, T. Wangensteen, R.E. Treece, P. Bhat, W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, T.J. Gillespie, and R. Wendt., Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp.569, 127 (1999).
"A New Method to Characterize TCO/P Contact Resistance in a-Si Solar Cells," S.S. Hegedus, M. Gibson, G. Ganguly and R. Arya, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 557, 737 1999.
"Critical Issues and Research Needs for CdTe-Based Solar Cells," A.D. Compaan, J.R. Sites, R.W. Birkmire, C.S. Ferekides and A.L. Fahrenbruch, Photovoltaics for the 21st Century (Proc. 195th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society) PV99-11, 241 (1999).
"Harnessing the Sun with Thin Film Photovoltaics," R.W. Birkmire and L.L. Kazmerski, Photovoltaics for the 21st Century (Proc. 195th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society) PV99-11, 24 (1999).
"Thin Polycrystalline Silicon Films by HWCVD," R. Aparicio, A. Pant and R. Birkmire, presented at 9th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Materials and Processes, Breckenridge, CO, August 9-11, 1999.
"Optical Modeling of a-Si Solar Cells," B. Sopori, J. Madjdpour, Y. Zhang, W. Chen, S. Guha, J. Yang, A. Banerjee and S.S. Hegedus, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 557, 755 (1999).
"Infrared Electroabsorption Spectra in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells," J.H. Lyou, E.A. Schiff, S.S. Hegedus, S. Guha and J. Yang, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 557, 457 (1999).
"Advanced Flexible Solar Array Program," P.V. Meyers, L. Fabick, K.C. Reinhardt and W.N. Shafarman, presented at 16th Space PV Research and Technology Conf., Cleveland, OH, August 31 - September 2, 1999.
"Deconvolution of Activated and Variable-range-hopping Conduction for Barely Insulating Arsenic-doped Silicon," T. G. Castner and W. N. Shafarman, Physical Review B 60(20), 14182 (1999).
"Study of Cd-free Buffer Layers Using Inx(OH,S)y
on CIGS Solar Cells," C.H. Huang, S.S. Li, W.N. Shafarman, C.-H. Chang,
E.S. Lambers, L. Rieth, J.W. Johnson, S. Kim, B.J. Stanbery, T.J. Anderson,
and P.H. Holloway, Proc. 11th Int. PV Science & Eng'g. Conf.,
855 (1999).
IEC Publications - 2000
**ìCopper Indium Alloy Transformations,ì N. Orbey, G.A. Jones, R.W. Birkmire, and T.W.F. Russell, Journal of Phase Equilibria 21(6), 509 (2000).
"Absorber Thickness Dependence on CuInSe2 Based Solar Cell Performance Using CuIn Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas," J.M. Mwabora, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. World Renewable Energy Congress, 2049 (2000).
"Thin Polycrystalline Silicon Films by HWCVD," R. Aparicio, R. Birkmire, A. Pant, M. Huff and M. Mauk, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, April 16-19, 2000.
"Deposition of Cu(InGa)Se2 by Inline Evaporation," G.M. Hanket, P.D. Paulson, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, April 16-19, 2000.
"Analysis of Stress-Induced Degradation in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, April 16-19, 2000.
"Diffusion in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Couples," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 16th European PVSEC, 351 (2000).
"Process Analysis and Modeling of Thin Silicon Film Deposition by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition," R. Aparicio, R. Birkmire, A. Pant, M. Huff, T.W.F. Russell and M. Mauk, Proc. 16th European PVSEC, 621 (2000).
"Reaction Temperature Dependence of CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells Performance Using CuIn Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas," J.M. Mwabora, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 5th Kenya Physical Society (KPS) Regional Workshop, 27 (2000).
"Cu(InAl)Se2 Thin Films and Devices Deposited by Multisource Evaporation," M.W. Haimbodi, E. Gourmelon, P.D. Paulson, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 454 (2000).
"CIGSS Solar Cells Based on CVD ZnO Buffer Layers," L.C. Olsen, F.W. Addis, L. Huang, W.N. Shafarman, P. Eschbach and G.J. Exarhos, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 458 (2000).
"Influence of Window and Absorber Layer Processing on Device Operation in Superstrate Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 491 (2000).
"Fabrication of Graded Cu(InGa)Se2 Films by Inline Evaporation," G.M. Hanket, P.D. Paulson, U. Singh, S.T. Junker, R.W. Birkmire, F.J. Doyle III, E. Eser and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 499 (2000).
"Analysis of Stress-Induced Degradation in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 535 (2000).
"Characterization of the SnO2/p and ZnO/p Contact Resistance and Junction Properties in a-Si p-i-n Solar Cells and Modules," S.S. Hegedus, R. Kaplan, G. Ganguly and G.S. Wood, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 728 (2000).
"Interfacial Optical Spectra in Amorphous Silicon Based pin Solar Cells," K. Zhu, J.H. Lyou, E.A. Schiff, R.S. Crandall, G. Ganguly and S.S. Hegedus, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 725 (2000).
"Physical Vapor Deposition of Cu(InGa)Se2 by Co-Evaporation: Modeling for Process Control," S.T. Junker, F.J. Doyle III and R.W. Birkmire, presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, November 2000, Paper No. 260C.
"Effect of Substrate Temperature and Deposition Profile on Evaporated Cu(InGa)Se2 Films and Devices," W.N. Shafarman and J. Zhu, Thin Solid Films 361-362, 473-477 (2000).
"Optical Modeling of a-Si Solar Cells," B. Sopori, J. Madjdpour, Y.
Zhang, W. Chen, S. Guha, J. Yang, A. Banerjee and S.S. Hegedus, Proc.
Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 557, 755 (1999).
"Compound Polycrystalline Solar Cells: Recent Progress and Y2K Perspective," R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 65, 17 (2001).
"Interdiffusion of CdS/CdTe Thin Films: Modeling X-ray Diffraction Line Profiles," B.E. McCandless, M.G. Engelmann and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 87(2), 988 (2001).
"Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon from Silane: Effect of Process Conditions," A. Pant, T.W.F. Russell, M.C. Huff, R. Aparicio and R.W. Birkmire, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 49(5), 1377 (2001).
"Process Analysis and Modeling of Thin Silicon Film Deposition by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition," R. Aparicio, R. Birkmire, A. Pant, M. Huff and T.W.F. Russell, Proc. 199th Electrochemical Society Mtg. 260 (2001).
"Optically Assisted Metal-Induced Crystallization of Thin Si Films for Low-Cost Solar Cells," W. Chen, B. Sopori, K. Jones, R. Reedy, N.M. Ravindra, R. Aparicio, R.W. Birkmire, S. Morrison, K. Coats and A. Madan, presented at 2001 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 16-20, 2001.
"Post-Deposition Sulfur Incorporation into CuInSe2 Thin Films," J. Titus, H.-W. Schock, R.W. Birkmire, W.N. Shafarman and U.P. Singh, Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 668, H1.5.1 (2001).
"Thermochemical and Kinetic Aspects of Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell Processing," B.E. McCandless, Proc. MRS Symp. 668, H1.6.1 (2001).
"Effect of Grain Size, Morphology and Deposition Temperature on Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman and J. Zhu, Proc. 2001 MRS Spring Meeting, H.2.3.1 (2001).
"Formation and Analysis of Graded CuIn (Se1-ySy)2 Films," M. Engelmann, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Thin Solid Films (Proc. E-MRS 2000 Spring Meeting) 387, 14 (2001).
"Phase Behavior in the CdTe-CdS Pseudobinary System," B.E. McCandless, G.M. Hanket, D.G. Jensen and R.W. Birkmire, submitted to J. of Appl. Phys., October 2001.
"Cu(In1-xAlx)Se2 Thin Films and Solar Cells," P.D. Paulson, M.W. Haimbodi, S. Marsillac, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, submitted to J. of Appl. Phys., October 2001.
"Study of Cd-free Buffer Layers using Inx(OH,S)y on CIGS Solar Cells," C.H. Huang, S.S. Li, W.N. Shafarman, C.-H. Chang, E.S. Lambers, L. Rieth, J.W. Johnson, S. Kim, B.J. Stanbery, T.J. Anderson and P.H. Holloway, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells 69, 131 (2001).
"Characterization of Deep Defects in CuIn1-xGaxSe2 (CIGS) Working Photovoltaic Devices," J.T. Heath, J.D. Cohen, W.N. Shafarman and D.C. Johnson, Proc. 199th Electrochemical Society Meeting, 324 (2001).
**Submitted version of paper, not final. For reprint, please contact Robert W. Birkmire, rwb@udel.edu.