Institute of Energy Conversion 
University of Delaware
Newark, DE 19716

Technical Papers -- Robert W. Birkmire
 

  1. "Scintillation Response of Pure NaI to Channeled Ions," R.W. Birkmire and R.B. Murray, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 21, 561 (1976).

    2.  
  2.  "Triplepeaked Scintillation Pulse-Height Spectra for MeV Axially Channeled Ions in NaI (T1)," H.B. Dietrich, R.W. Birkmire, M. Luntz, and R.B. Murray, Phys. Rev. B 15, 23 (1977).

    3.  
  3. "Scintillation Response of Nonactivated and Activated NaI to Random and Channeled Ions: Influence of the Luminescence Mechanism," R.W. Birkmire, R.B. Murray, and M. Luntz, Phys. Rev. B 15, 31 (1977).

    4.  
  4. "Measurement of Oxygen and Nitrogen Profiles in Steel," A. Niiler and R.W. Birkmire, Nuclear Instruments and Methods 149, 301 (1978).

    5.  
  5. "Applications of Ion Beam Analysis Techniques to Erosion Studies," A. Niiler and R.W. Birkmire, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 26(1), 1398 (1979).

    6.  
  6. "Use of the Fe-56 (p,n) Co-56 Reaction in Erosive Wear Measurements," R.W. Birkmire and A. Niiler, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 26(1), 1815 (1979).

    7.  
  7. "The 14N (d, p5) 15N Cross Section, 0.32-1.45 meV," A. Niiler and R.W. Birkmire, Nuclear Instruments and Methods 168, 105 (1980).

    8.  
  8. "Growth and Evaluation of CdS and (CdZn)S Films for the Fabrication of High Performance Photovoltaic Devices," R.B. Hall, R.W. Birkmire, E. Eser, T.L. Hench, and J.D. Meakin, Proc. 14th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 706 (1980).

    9.  
  9. "Thin-Film CdS/Cu2S Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage and Low Reflection Losses," J.A. Bragagnolo, R.W. Birkmire, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 14th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1400 (1980).

    10.  
  10. "Thin-Film Polycrystalline (CdZn)S/Cu2S Solar Cells of 10% Conversion Efficiency," R.B. Hall, R.W. Birkmire, J.E. Phillips, and J.D. Meakin, Proc. 3rd E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 1094 (1980).

    11.  
  11. "10% Conversion Efficiency in Thin-Film Polycrystalline (CdZn)S/Cu2S Solar Cells," R.B. Hall, R.W. Birkmire, J.E. Phillips, and J.D. Meakin, Proc. 15th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 777 (1981).

    12.  
  12. "Thin-Film Polycrystalline Cu2S/Cd1-xZnxS Solar Cells of 10% Efficiency," R.B. Hall, R.W. Birkmire, J.E. Phillips, and J.D. Meakin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 38, 925 (1981).

    13.  
  13. "Stability of Thin-Film Cu2S-Based Solar Cells at Voc Under Continuous Illumination," J.E. Phillips, R.W. Birkmire and P.G. Lasswell, Proc. 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 719 (1982).

    14.  
  14. "CuInSe2/CdS-CdTe/CdS Polycrystalline Tandem Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, L.C. DiNetta, J.D. Meakin, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 17th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1406 (1984).

    15.  
  15. "Material Requirements for High Efficiency CuInSe2/CdS Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, R.B. Hall, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 17th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 882 (1984).

    16.  
  16. "Origin of Defects in CdS Films Associated with Degradation of Cu2S/CdS Solar Cells," S.P. Shea, R.W. Birkmire, and J.D. Meakin, Proc. 17th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1270 (1984).

    17.  
  17. "The Effects of Air Heat Treatments on Completed CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. of the 6th European Communities Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 826 (1985).

    18.  
  18. "CdTe/CdS Devices for Tandem Solar Cells Based on CuInSe2," R.W. Birkmire, L.C. DiNetta, S.C. Jackson, P.G. Lasswell, B.E. McCandless, J.D. Meakin, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 18th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1413 (1985).

    19.  
  19. "Thin Film Tandem Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, J.D. Meakin, J.E. Phillips, and L.C. DiNetta, Proc. Electrochemical Society Symposium on Material and New Processing Technologies for Photovoltaics 85(9), 163 (1985).

    20.  
  20. "Thin Film Tandem Solar Cells Based on CuInSe2," J.D. Meakin, R.W. Birkmire, L. C. DiNetta, P.G. Lasswell, and J.E. Phillips, Solar Cells 16, 447 (1986).

    21.  
  21. "High Efficiency CuInSe2 Based Heterojunction Solar Cells:  Fabrication and Results," R.W. Birkmire, L.C. DiNetta, P.G. Lasswell, J.D. Meakin, and J.E. Phillips, Solar Cells 16, 419 (1986).

    22.  
  22. "Tolerance of CuInSe2 Cell Performance to Variations in Film Composition and the Implications for Large Area Cell Manufacture," R.E. Rocheleau, J.D. Meakin, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 19th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 972 (1987).

    23.  
  23. "Analysis of a Transparent Cu/ITO Contact and Heat Treatments on CdTe/CdS Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. of the 19th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 967 (1987).

    24.  
  24. "Specular CuInSe2 Films for Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire and B.E. McCandless, Appl. Phys. Lett. 53(2), 140 (1988).

    25.  
  25. "CdTe/CdS Solar Cells with Transparent Contacts," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and W.N. Shafarman, Solar Cells 23, 115 (1988).


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  26. "Control of Deposition and Surface Properties of CuInSe2 Thin Films for Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1510 (1988).

    27.  
  27. "Polycrystalline CdTe on CuInSe2 Cascaded Solar Cells," P.V. Meyers, C.H. Liu, L. Russell, V. Ramanathan, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless and J.E. Phillips, Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1448 (1988).

    28.  
  28. "Fabrication of Monolithic a-Si:H - CuInSe2/CdS Tandem Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, W.A. Buchanan, J.E. Phillips and R.E. Rocheleau, Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 381 (1988).

    29.  
  29. "Characterization of Window Layers in CuInSe2 Thin Film Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1515 (1988).

    30.  
  30. "Characterization of CuInSe2 Single Crystals for Solar Cell Modeling Studies," F.A. Abou-Elfotouh, L.L. Kazmerski, T.J. Coutts, D.J. Dunlavy, M. Almassari, S. Chaudhuri, and R. W. Birkmire, Proc. 20th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1520 (1988).

    31.  
  31. "Approaches for High Efficiency CuInSe2 Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, W.N. Shafarman, and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Proc. 9th European Communities Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 134 (1989).

    32.  
  32. "Post Processing Treatments and Contacts for Thin Film CdS/CdTe Devices," R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and J.E. Phillips, Proc. Polycrystalline Thin Film Program Meeting, 77 (1989).

    33.  
  33. "Reactor Analysis of Copper Indium Selenization," R.D. Varrin, Jr., S. Verma, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and T.W.F. Russell, Proc. 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 529 (1990).

    34.  
  34. "Options for Fabrication and Design of CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, W.N. Shafarman, and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Proc. 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 550 (1990).

    35.  
  35. "Analysis of Post Deposition Processing for CdTe/CdS Thin Film Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire and B.E. McCandless, Solar Cells 31, 527 (1991).

    36.  
  36. "CuInSe2 for Photovoltaic Applications," A. Rockett and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 70(7), 81 (1991).

    37.  
  37. "Advances in CuInSe2 and CdTe Thin Film Solar Cells," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, D.A. Fardig, B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, J.E. Phillips, and R.D. Varrin, Jr., Solar Cells 30, 61 (1991).

    38.  
  38. "A New Method for Forming ZnTe Contacts for CdTe Cells," A. Mondal, R.W. Birkmire, and B.E. McCandless, Proc. 22nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 1126 (1992).

    39.  
  39. "Critical Process Issues in Selenization," S. Verma, R.D. Varrin, Jr., R.W. Birkmire, and TWF Russell, Proc. 22nd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 914 (1991).

    40.  
  40. "Electrochemical Deposition of Thin ZnTe Films as a Contact for CdTe Solar Cells," A. Mondal, B.E. McCandless, and R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 26, 181 (1992).

    41.  
  41. "Fabrication of CuInSe2 Solar Cells in a Superstrate Configuration," T. Yoshida and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 11th European Communities Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 811 (1992).

    42.  
  42. "Reaction Pathways to CuInSe2 Formation by Selenization," S. Verma, S. Yamanaka, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and TWF Russell, Proc. 11th European Communities Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 807 (1992).

    43.  
  43. "Study of the Process Treatments Used for High-Efficiency Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells," H.R. Moutinho, R. Ahmed-Bitar, R.S. Hasoon, R.K. Ahrenkiel, D.J. Dunlavy, B.M. Keyes, A.R. Mason, F.A. Abou-Elfotouh, R.W. Birkmire, and L.L. Kazmerski, Proc. 11th European Communities Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., 991 (1992).

    44.  
  44. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells:  Device Perspective," J.E. Phillips, W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, and B.E. McCandless, AIP Conf. Proc. 268, 206 (1992).

    45.  
  45. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells:  Processing Perspective," R.W. Birkmire, S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, TWF Russell, W.N. Shafarman, S.Verma, and S. Yamanaka, AIP Conf. Proc. 268, 212 (1992).

    46.  
  46. "Effects of Processing on CdTe/CdS Materials and Devices," R. W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, and S.S. Hegedus, Int. J. Solar Energy 12, 145 (1992).

    47.  
  47. "Reaction Chemistry of CuInSe2 Formation by Selenization Using Elemental Se," S. Yamanaka, B.E. McCandless, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 607 (1993).

    48.  
  48. "The Effect of O2 on H2Se Selenization in a Continuous Flow Reactor," S. Verma, TWF Russell, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 23rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 431 (1993).

    49.  
  49. "Chemical Process and Device Analysis of CuInSe2-Based Solar Cell Materials," TWF Russell, R.W. Birkmire, J.E. Phillips, S. Verma, and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 306, 390 (1993).

    50.  
  50. "Process and Device Analysis of CuInSe2 Solar Cells," R.W. Birkmire, presented at the 7th Sunshine Workshop, Tokyo, Japan, Nov. 29-30, 1993, Technical Digest 7th Sunshine Workshop, 101 (1993).


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  51. "High Efficiency CuInSe2 Solar Cells Using the Selenization Process," R.W. Birkmire, presented at the 7th Int'l Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf., Nagoya, Japan, Nov. 22-26, 1993, Technical Digest PVSEC-7, 527 (1993).

    52.  
  52. "Chemical Kinetic Studies of Copper Indium Selenization,"  TWF Russell, S. Verma, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 12th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conf. 1, 633 (1994).

    53.  
  53. "A Treatment to Allow Contacting CdTe with Different Conductors," B.E. McCandless, Y. Qu, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (24th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf.), 107 (1994).

    54.  
  54. "Characterization of Cu-In-Ga Precursors Used to Form Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films," M. Marudachalam, R.W. Birkmire, J. M. Schultz, and T. Yokimcus, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (24th IEEE PVSC), 234 (1994).

    55.  
  55. "Processing Issues for Thin-Film CdTe Cells and Modules," R.W. Birkmire and P.V. Meyers, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (24th IEEE PVSC), 76 (1994).

    56.  
  56. "A Chemical Kinetic Analysis of the Formation of CuInSe2 at Different Temperatures," TWF Russell, N. Orbey, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (24th IEEE PVSC), 238 (1994).

    57.  
  57. "Polycrystalline CuIn1-xGaxSe2 Thin Film PV Solar Cells Prepared by Two-Stage Selenization Process Using Se Vapor," N.G. Dhere, S. Kuttath, K.W. Lynn, R.W. Birkmire, and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (24th IEEE PVSC), 190 (1994).

    58.  
  58. "Micro Through Nanostructure Investigations of Polycrystalline CdTe:  Correlations with Processing and Electronic Structures," D.H. Levi, H.R. Moutinho, F.A. Hasoon, B.M. Keyes, R.K. Ahrenkiel, M. Al-Jassim, L.L. Kazmerski, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 1994 IEEE First World Conf. on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (24th IEEE PVSC), 127 (1994).

    59.  
  59. "Galvanic Deposition of Cadmium Sulfide Thin Films," B.E. McCandless, A. Mondal, and R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells36, 369 (1995).

    60.  
  60. "The Growth by the Hybrid Sputtering and Evaporation Method and Microstructural Studies of CuInSe2 Films," L. Chung Yang, H.Z. Xiao, A. Rockett, W.N. Shafarman, and R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 36, 445 (1995).

    61.  
  61. "The Future of CdTe Photovoltaics," P.V. Meyers and R.W. Birkmire, Prog. in Photovoltaics 3, 393 (1995).

    62.  
  62. "Preparation of Homogeneous Cu(InGa)Se2 Films by Selenization of Metal Precursors in H2Se Atmosphere," M. Marudachalam, H. Hichri, R. Klenk, R.W. Birkmire, W.N. Shafarman, and J.M. Schultz, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3978 (1995).

    63.  
  63. "Processing and Analysis of Polycrystalline Thin-Film Solar Cells Made from Uniform Single Phase Materials," R.W. Birkmire, H. Hichri, R. Klenk, M. Marudachalam, B.E. McCandless, J.E. Phillips, J.M. Schultz, and W.N. Shafarman, AIP Conf. Proc. 353, 420 (1996).

    64.  
  64. "Polycrystalline Heterojunction Solar Cells:  A Device Perspective," J.E. Phillips, R.W. Birkmire, B.E. McCandless, P.V. Meyers, and W.N. Shafarman, phys. stat. sol.(b) 194, 31 (1996).

    65.  
  65. "Chemical Reaction Analysis of Copper Indium Selenization," S. Verma, N. Orbey, R. W. Birkmire and T. W. F. Russell, Progress in Photovoltaics4, 341 (1996).

    66.  
  66. "Thin-film Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride Alloys," D.G. Jensen, B.E. McCandless, and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. MRS Symp. on Thin Films for Photovoltaic and Related Device Applications 426, 325 (1996).

    67.  
  67. "Reaction Analysis of the Formation of CIS at Temperatures from 250 to 400°C," N. Orbey, H. Hichri, R.W. Birkmire, & TWF Russell, Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 981 (1996).

    68.  
  68. "Diffusion of In and Ga in Selenized Cu-In and Cu-Ga Precursors," M. Marudachalam, H. Hichri, R.W. Birkmire, J.M. Schultz, A. B. Swarzlander, & M.M. Al-Jassim, Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 805 (1996).

    69.  
  69. "Thin Film Cadmium Telluride-Cadmium Sulfide Alloys and Devices, " D.G. Jensen, B.E. McCandless, & R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 773 (1996).

    70.  
  70. "Vapor Phase Treatment of CdTe/CdS Thin Films with CdCl2:O2," B.E. McCandless, H. Hichri, G. Hanket, & R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 25th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., 781 (1996).

    71.  
  71. "Micro Through Nanostructure Investigations of Polycrystalline CdTe:  Correlations With Processing and Electronic Structures," D.H. Levi, H.R. Moutinho, F.S. Hasoon, B.M. Keyes, R.K. Ahrenkiel, M. Al-Jassim, L.L. Kazmerski, & R.W. Birkmire, First World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 41/42, 381 (1996).

    72.  
  72. "Processing Issues for Thin Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, R.W. Birkmire, D.G. Jensen, J.E. Phillips, & I. Youm, NREL/SNL Photovoltaics Program Review (Proc. 14th NREL PV Program Review Meeting), 647-654 (1996).

    73.  
  73. "Fabrication and Characterization of Cu(InGa)Se2 Solar Cells with Absorber Bandgap from 1.0 to 1.5 eV," W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, M. Marudachalam, B.E. McCandless, and J.M. Schultz, NREL/SNL Photovoltaics Program Review (Proc. 14th NREL PV Program Review Meeting), 123-131 (1996).

    74.  
  74. "Recrystallization and Sulfur Diffusion in CdCl2-Treated CdTe/CdS Thin Films," B.E. McCandless, L.V. Moulton, and R.W. Birkmire, Progress in Photovoltaics 5, 249-260 (1997).

    75.  
  75. "Next Generation CIGS for Solar Cells," A. Rockett, R.W. Birkmire, D. Morel, S. Fonash, J-Y. Hou, M. Marudachalam, J. D’Amico, P. Panse, S. Zafar, and D.J. Schroeder, presented at NREL Conference, "Future Generation:  Photovoltaic Technologies," March 24-25, 1997, Denver, CO.


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  76. *"Effect of Temperature on Copper Indium Selenization," N. Orbey, H. Hichri, R.W. Birkmire, and T.W.F. Russell, Progress in Photovoltaics 5, 237-247 (1997).

    77.  
  77. "Phases, Morphology and Diffusion in CuInxGa1-xSe2 Thin Films," M. Marudachalam, R.W. Birkmire, H. Hichri, J.M. Schultz, A. Swartzlander, and M.M. Al-Jassim, Journal of Applied Physics 82(6), 2896-2905 (1997).

    78.  
  78. "Polycrystalline Thin Film Solar Cells:  Present Status and Future Potential," R.W. Birkmire and E. Eser, Annual Review of Materials Science27, 625-653 (1997).

    79.  
  79. *"Reaction Analysis of the Formation of CuInSe2 Films in a Physical Vapor Deposition Reactor," N. Orbey, G. Norsworthy, R.W. Birkmire, and T.W.F. Russell, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 6, 79-86 (1998). August 1997.

    80.  
  80. "Recent Progress and Critical Issues in Thin Film Polycrystalline Solar Cells and Modules," R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 295 (1997).

    81.  
  81. "Effect of Reduced Deposition Temperature, Time and Thickness on Cu(InGa)Se2 Films and Devices", W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, S. Marsillac, M. Marudachalam, N. Orbey, and T.W.F. Russell, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 331 (1997).

    82.  
  82. "CdTe1-xSx Absorber Layers for Thin-Film CdTe/CdS Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 26th IEEE PVSC, 307 (1997).

    83.  
  83. "Introduction to the Thin Film Photovoltaic Symposium Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Institute of Energy Conversion at the University of Delaware,USA," R.W. Birkmire and S.S. Hegedus, Progress in Photovoltaics5, 305-307 (1997).

    84.  
  84. *"Optimization of Vapor Post-Deposition Processing for Evaporated CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless, I. Youm, and R.W. Birkmire, Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 7(1), 21 (1999).

    85.  
  85. "Monolithically Integrated X-ray Detector Arrays for Computed Tomography," R. Sudharsanan, M. Yoganathan, G. Vakerlis, C.S. Ferekides, B. McCandless, R. Birkmire, R. Deych, and R. Luhta, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. (1997 Fall Meeting), 573 (1998).

    86.  
  86. *"Copper Indium Alloy Transformations," N. Orbey, G.A. Jones, R.W. Birkmire, and T.W.F. Russell, Journal of Phase Equilibria 21(6), 509 (2000).

    87.  
  87. "Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium Analysis of I-III-VI Films," R.W. Birkmire and M. Engelmann, Proc. NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, 23 (1998).

    88.  
  88. "Influence of Processing Conditions on Performance and Stability in PolycrystallineThin-Film CdTe-Based Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. NCPV Photovoltaics Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, 182 (1998).

    89.  
  89. "Manufacturable Large Area CdS Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications Monitored with Optical Emission Spectroscopy," L. Wang, I. Eisgruber, R. Hollingsworth, C. DeHart, T. Wangensteen, R.E. Treece, P. Bhat, W.N. Shafarman, R.W. Birkmire, T.J. Gillespie, and R. Wendt, Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 569, 127 (1999).

    90.  
  90. "Critical Issues and Research Needs for CdTe-Based Solar Cells," A.D. Compaan, J.R. Sites, R.W. Birkmire, C.S. Ferekides, and A.L. Fahrenbruch, Photovoltaics for the 21st Century  (Proc. 195th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society), PV99-11, Seattle, WA, 241 (1999).

    91.  
  91. "Harnessing the Sun with Thin Film Photovoltaics," R.W. Birkmire and L. L. Kazmerski, Photovoltaics for the 21st Century (Proc. 195th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society), PV99-11, Seattle, WA, 24 (1999).

    92.  
  92. "Thin Polycrystalline Silicon Films by HWCVD," R. Aparicio, A. Pant, and R. Birkmire, presented at 9th Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Materials and Processes, Breckenridge, CO, August 9-11, 1999.

    93.  
  93. "Compound Polycrystalline Solar Cells:  Recent Progress and Y2K Perspective," R.W. Birkmire, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 65 (2001) 17-28.

    94.  
  94. "Absorber Thickness Dependence on CuInSe2 Based Solar Cell Performance Using CuIn Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas," J.M. Mwabora, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. World Renewable Energy Congress-VI (WREC2000), Brighton, UK, 2049 (2000).

    95.  
  95. "Thin Polycrystalline Silicon Films by HWCVD," R. Aparicio, R. Birkmire, A. Pant, M. Huff and M. Mauk, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, April 16-19, 2000.

    96.  
  96. "Deposition of Cu(InGa)Se2 by Inline Evaporation," G.M. Hanket, P.D. Paulson, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, April 16-19, 2000.

    97.  
  97. "Analysis of Stress-Induced Degradation in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Denver, CO, April 16-19, 2000.

    98.  
  98. "Diffusion in CdS/CdTe Thin-Film Couples," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 16th European PVSEC, 351 (2000).

    99.  
  99. "Process Analysis and Modeling of Thin Silicon Film Deposition by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition," R. Aparicio, R. Birkmire, A. Pant, M. Huff, T.W.F. Russell and M. Mauk, Proc. 16th European PVSEC, 621 (2000).

    100.  
  100. "Reaction Temperature Dependence of CuInSe2 Based Solar Cells Performance Using CuIn Precursors Selenized Using H2Se Gas," J.M. Mwabora, W.N. Shafarman and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 5th Kenya Physical Society (KPS) Regional Workshop, 27 (2000).


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  101. "Cu(InAl)Se2 Thin Films and Devices Deposited by Multisource Evaporation," M.W. Haimbodi, E. Gourmelon, P.D. Paulson, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 454 (2000).

    102.  
  102. "Influence of Window and Absorber Layer Processing on Device Operation in Superstrate Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells," B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 491 (2000).

    103.  
  103. "Fabrication of Graded Cu(InGa)Se2 Films by Inline Evaporation," G.M. Hanket, P.D. Paulson, U. Singh, S.T. Junker, R.W. Birkmire, F.J. Doyle III, E. Eser and W.N. Shafarman, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 499 (2000).

    104.  
  104. "Analysis of Stress-Induced Degradation in CdS/CdTe Solar Cells," S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, Proc. 28th IEEE PVSC, 535 (2000).

    105.  
  105. "Physical Vapor Deposition of Cu(InGa)Se2 by Co-Evaporation:  Modeling for Process Control," S.T. Junker, F.J. Doyle III and R.W. Birkmire, presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, November  2000, Paper No. 260c.

    106.  
  106. "Interdiffusion of CdS/CdTe Thin Films:  Modeling X-ray Diffraction Line Profiles," B.E. McCandless, M.G. Engelmann and R.W. Birkmire, J. Appl. Phys. 87(2), (2001) 988-994.

    107.  
  107. *"Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon from Silane:  Effect of Process Conditions," A, Pant, T.W.F. Russell, M.C. Huff, R. Aparicio and .W. Birkmire, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40(5), 1377 (2001).

    108.  
  108. "Process Analysis and Modeling of Thin Silicon Film Deposition by Hot-Wire Chemical Vapor Deposition," R. Aparicio, R. Birkmire, A. Pant, M. Huff and T.W.F. Russell, presented at 199th Electrochemical Society Meeting, Washington, DC, March 25-29, 2001.

    109.  
  109. "Optically Assisted Metal-Induced Crystallization of Thin Si Films for Low-Cost Solar Cells," W. Chen, B. Sopori, K. Jones, R. Reedy, N.M. Ravindra, R. Aparicio, R.W. Birkmire, S. Morrison, K. Coats and A. Madan, presented at 2001 MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, CA, April 16-20, 2001.

    110.  
  110. "Post-Deposition Sulfur Incorporation into CuInSe2 Thin Films," J. Titus, H.-W. Schock, R.W. Birkmire, W.N. Shafarman and U.P. Singh, Proc. 2001 MRS Spring Meeting, H.1.5.1 (2001).

    111.  
  111. "Formation and Analysis of Graded CuIn(Se1-ySy)2 Films," M. Engelmann, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire (presented at E-MRS 2000 Spring Meeting, Strasbourg, France, May 30-June 2, 2000), Thin Solid Films 387, 14 (2001).

    112.  
  112. "Initial and Stressed Performance of CdTe Solar Cells:  Effect of Contact Processing," S.S. Hegedus, B.E. McCandless and R.W. Birkmire, presented at NCPV Program Review Meeting, Lakewood, CO, October 14-18, 2001.

    113.  
  113. "Phase Behavior in the CdTe-CdS Pseudobinary System," B.E. McCandless, G.M. Hanket, D.G. Jensen and R.W. Birkmire, submitted to J. of Appl. Phys. (October 2001).

    114.  
  114. "Cu(In1-xAlx)Se2 Thin Films and Solar Cells," P.D.Paulson, M.W. Haimbodi, S.Marsillac, R.W. Birkmire and W.N. Shafarman, submitted to J. Appl. Phys. (October 2001).

    115.  
  115. "Modeling X-Ray Diffraction Line Profiles of CdS/CdTe Thin-Films," B.E. McCandless, M.G. Engelmann and R.W. Birkmire, submitted to J. Appl. Phys. (July 2000).

    116.  
*This is a submitted version of the paper.  For reprint of final version, please contact R.W. Birkmire at rwb@udel.edu.

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Last revised:  September 6, 2001   |   Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716