Important - Please read this before you turn the page.

• Write your name on each page
• This part of the midterm examination is worth 80 points distributed as follows:
I.    (30 points)     Fill in the Blank Concept Map
II.   (12 points)     3 Short Answer Questions.
III.  (19 points)     Problem and Short Essay Questions.
IV.  (14 points)     Essay
V.   (5 points)       Bonus Question
• You may refer to your notes, course reader, handouts, or graded homework assignments. Textbooks or reference books cannot be used.
• This examination will assess your learning, problem-solving skills, and ability to communicate clearly.  It is intended to be challenging even to the best students in the class.
• Writing reflects how you think.  Among the “right answers” I will read for the following questions, some will be better than others because they show greater depth of understanding, avoid extraneous or inaccurate information, provide a more logical structure, use appropriate examples, and chose words with precision.  Better quality answers will receive higher marks. Therefore organize your thoughts before you write.
• Strive to write not that you may be understood, but rather that you cannot possibly be misunderstood.  Stream of consciousness answers are rarely well organized or clearly presented.
• Have a relaxing and safe Spring Break.

2. Peters used ferricyanide to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin and release the bound oxygen, which he measured as a gas. But, oxygen is soluble in water and was released from hemoglobin in solution. How is it possible to quantitatively measure oxygen volumetrically as a gas when some of it is dissolved in solution?
 
 

3. Venous blood contains deoxyhemoglobin. Where did the oxygen go? How is this similar to Stokes' experiment?

A. (3 Points) What is the purpose of washing the ether layer? Draw a picture or equation of what is happening.

B. (3 Points) Why did the solution erupt when the bicarbonate was added? Write an equation to help explain your answer.

C. (3 Points) Would the solution have erupted in froth had Prof. Essigsaure used a dilute ammonia solution rather than bicarbonate? Explain.

A. (5 Points) Show how the clove oil would be displaced and how its level would be adjusted before a reading would be made?                                                           Image copied from Umbreit, Burris, and Stauffer,  ManometricTechniques, 4th ed. 1964

 B. (5 Points) What properties does clove oil have that makes it particularly suitable as the displaced fluid in the manometer?
 
 

Progress in science depends on new techniques, new discoveries, and new ideas, probably in that order.                                                                                                               Sydney Brenner

…scientists love to do experiments that show their colleagues to be wrong. By this adversarial process, science gradually reveals the way nature works. The notion that published science must be free of errors, and that error itself indicates sloppy thinking or fraudulent intent, is misguided.
                                                                                                                         Robert Pollack

It is all too easy, for scientists and non scientists alike, to assume science produces truth. What it generally produces however, are models: deliberate in their assumptions, limited in their scope, provisional in their conclusions, and extraordinarily useful for certain purposes, even perhaps certain causes. But they are neither perfect, nor permanent.
                                                                                                                 Frank H. T. Rhodes