INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
LINGUISTICS
Second Edition
¨——————————¨——————————¨
WILLIAM FRAWLEY
University of Delaware
Editor in Chief
Revised and
Expanded from W. Bright’s Guide for First Edition
http://www.udel.edu/billf/iel.html
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
The
first edition of the Encyclopedia of Linguistics
was a great
success. It contained some 1.5 million words and a wide range of graphics in
more than 600 articles. The second edition seeks to continue this success.
These guidelines describe the procedures for the second edition and are
intended to help Consulting Editors plan their areas and Contributors plan and
write article(s). Questions about content, scope, style, format, or procedure
should be directed to the Editor in Chief or an area’s Consulting Editor.
As with all encyclopedias,
the aim of the Encyclopedia of Linguistics is to provide a
representative, accessible, and even-handed picture of the field. To this end,
articles are not intended to be an exhaustive statement on a subject or a forum
to advance one theoretical position over another. The Encyclopedia has proven to have a diverse readership –
from interested nonlinguists, to undergraduates and graduate students, to
established scholars seeking clarifications or overviews. This varied
readership and the rapid shift in theoretical orientation that characterizes
the field necessitate that the Encyclopedia continue to have a balanced
style and approach.
Scope of Second Edition
The
second edition of the Encyclopedia has the following main goals:
1.
revision
and update of all articles, bibliography, graphics, and index.
2.
revision
of organization to include more overviews and certain changes in headword
selection.
3.
addition
of articles on subjects not covered in the first edition.
4.
replacement
of glossary by enhanced index and controlled technical definition in text, with
use of free space for more exposition.
5.
exploration
of new formats, including possible three-volume set, electronic version, and
paperback.
The second edition is
expected to have 40% revision, excluding bibliographies and graphics.
Most of the articles will be substantive essays of up to 5,000 words. All
articles will be signed.
Order of Entries. Entries will be in alphabetical order by headword.
Independent Entries. Most entries will be
single headwords.
Composite Entries. Some entries will be composite, usually
containing an overview and nested subentries. These will normally be found under headwords that
stand for a large subfield of linguistics.
Blind Entries. Some entries will be empty
except for directing the reader to a cross-reference: e.g., Boundary.
See Juncture.
Overviews. All areas will have some
form of overview – a general summary of the nature of the area, approach, and
issues. Some overviews will be independent entries; some will be part of
composite entries.
Cross-References. A system of
cross-references based on the first edition will be an essential part of the
new edition.
Index. A detailed index will be in
the second edition. Contributors and Editors should keep a list of the
essential terms and concepts in their articles and areas for use in developing
the final index.
Directory of Contributors. A directory of Contributors
and their institutional affiliations will appear at the end of the Encyclopedia.
Synoptic
Outline. A thematically arranged list of entries will
appear at the end of the Encyclopedia. This list is designed to show
patterns of interrelated articles and reveal the conceptual structure of the
work as a whole.
Editor In Chief.
·
Oversee
all activities of the second edition, including choice and extent of article
revision, new article development, headword choice, indexing, and
cross-referencing.
·
Work
with Consulting Editors to ensure comprehensiveness, accuracy of revision,
reordering of articles, and timely delivery of manuscripts.
·
Work
with OUP to ensure efficient production of volumes.
Note: While Consulting Editors have major
responsibility in determining the coverage of their areas, and Contributors
have the responsibility of exposition, the Editor in Chief makes the ultimate
decisions on all editorial matters.
Consulting
Editors.
·
Review
area and develop revision plan to include the following:
Names of articles to be
revised and nature and extent of revision (incl. bibliographies and graphics):
40% revision of text.
Titles of new articles to be
written: 5,000 words maximum; this word count included in the 40% overall
limit.
Names and full addresses
(incl. email) of Contributors.
Description of overview for
area and location in Encyclopedia (independent or composite entry).
Target Date for revision
plan to Editor in Chief: March 1, 2000.
·
Recruit
and oversee commissioning of Contributors to area.
Target Date: April 15,
2000.
·
Receive
drafts of new articles or revisions of old articles (simultaneously to Editor
in Chief, activities coordinated).
Target Date: December 15,
2000.
·
Review
and edit drafts of articles and return to Contributors for revision.
Target Date: March 1, 2001.
·
Receive,
review, and approve final versions of articles.
Target Date: September 1,
2001.
·
Develop
list of cross-references and index terms for area.
Target Date: September 1,
2001.
Target Date: April 15,
2000.
Target Date: December 15,
2000.
·
Revise
first draft per Consulting Editor’s and Editor in Chief’s comments and send
final version to Consulting Editor and Editor in Chief.
Target Date: September 1,
2001.
·
Work
with Consulting Editor to develop list of index terms.
Target Date: September 1,
2001.
Titles. The titles of articles will almost always be an entry somewhere in the
Encyclopedia (headword, subentry, cross-reference, etc.). Contributors
should review the titles of their articles and those of related articles to
ensure that they fairly represent the field and are user-friendly. Most users
of the Encyclopedia will be looking under a particular term or concept
they have heard of and want to know more about. Article titles should thus be
chosen in terms of more-or-less established concepts, and articles should be
organized with consideration for those concepts. It may often be appropriate to introduce a concept or term not
already well-known, but it should not be used as a major organizing point for
an article. In the first edition, titles using frequent terms in the field – language,
linguistics, etc. – were kept to a minimum so as to allow a more even
distribution of headwords throughout the work. This restriction will be
loosened in the second edition to promote usability.
Terminology. An important component of the Encyclopedia will be technical
terms. The first edition had a separate glossary with dictionary-type entries.
The glossary will not be in the second edition. Instead, technical terms will
be defined in the articles, preferably at the point of first use in the article
that most naturally subsumes the term. Cross-referencing and indexing will assume
the task of look-up. To this end, Contributors should review their articles for
technical terms and their definitions. The Consulting Editors and Editor in
Chief will oversee accuracy, cross-referencing, and avoidance of duplication.
For example, the term allophone should be defined under the article on
Phoneme (if there will be one) or Phonology; subsequent instances of the term
can use simple cross-reference (see…) or cross-reference with
modification [see…; in the present theory X, an allophone…]. We will
develop some system of notation or typeface to capture these relationships
efficiently. To facilitate cross-referencing and indexing, Contributors will
have to submit a list of the technical terms and phrases in their articles.
Writing Style. Contributors should strive
for clarity and conciseness, keeping in mind that they are writing for a more
diverse audience than that of a professional journal. Many Contributors will be discussing topics they have already surveyed
in reference works, textbooks, or other publications. You are free to paraphrase your own earlier work, adapting it to
the scope and needs of the Encyclopedia, but any verbatim repetition that
would infringe copyright restrictions should be avoided. Your article will
likely be consulted for a decade or more, so please avoid expressions like now,
at present, or recent. It is also important that the articles
have sufficient examples to illustrate technical points. To this end,
Contributors should review their choices of sample sentences, cited forms, and
other textual illustrations for accuracy, clarity, and usefulness.
Graphics. The term graphics includes all pictorial illustrations, tables,
and line drawings. These representations are an essential part of the Encyclopedia
and should be reviewed for appropriateness, accuracy (maps and notational
categories in diagrams change!) and ease of use. Graphics are expensive in
terms of space and cost of development, so while they are vital, they should
also be used judiciously. Captions should be reviewed and new ones provided
where appropriate. Captions should be typed separately from the graphics
themselves and separately from the main typescript. New pictorial illustrations
and line drawings should be submitted in .EPS or .TIFF file formats. Avoid all
shading in illustrations that you are creating yourself.
Permissions. By contract, you are to
secure, at your own expense, necessary permission to reproduce material to
which the rights are held by others. In general, permission is not needed for
the quotation of short prose passages (properly attributed), but it will
be required for the reproduction of graphics previously published.
Format. Please type your article with generous margins, on one side of the
paper. All material, including tables, formulas, bibliography,
illustrations, and quotations, should be double-spaced and in 12 pt.
Times Roman type. Please avoid using a Courier font. In the case of a work
that potentially may contain extensive diacritical marks, Times Roman is better
suited to capture and represent these diacriticals. Clearly indicate all
alignments, such as the alignment of linguistic forms and their glosses.
· Footnotes are not to be used.
· Graphics and their captions are to be submitted on separate
pages with an indication in the text as to where they belong.
· English is the language of all
articles. If you are not a native speaker/writer, please get editorial advice
-- preferably from a scholar in your field -- before submitting your article.
· Headings may use no more than two
levels (i.e., a heading and a subheading) in addition to the title.
Do not begin your article with a heading, and do not use two levels of heading
in immediate succession. Begin text on the same line as the heading or
subheading.
· Personal names of people of recent
centuries should be cited as full names the first time, thereafter only
surnames.
· Spelling and usage should conform to American
standard (e.g. color, recognize). For general guidelines on stylistic choice, follow the style of
the journal Language.
· Transliteration of material from languages
written in non-Roman alphabets should, in general, be in the systems most
used by international scholars of those languages: e.g., Cyrillic should be
transcribed with š, ž, č, j rather than sh, zh, ch, y.
Mandarin Chinese should be in Pinyin with tone marks, and Japanese in National
Romanization.
· Typefaces should conform to the
following usages. Use the word-processing functions to style text. Linguistic
examples and words to be emphasized should be in italics and
set in italics on disk. Small capitals, if necessary (as in HEADINGS), can be indicated in small capitals on disk. If this is
difficult, small-capital text can be set in all-capital letters (but indicate
this by a note on the hardcopy that the text should set in small capitals).
Boldface should be avoided, unless it is required for a specific usage in
linguistic examples. In this case, it can be indicated by using boldface on disk. Underscoring can be
used to indicate actual underscoring on disk.
· Abbreviations peculiar to linguistics
(e.g., NP) should be explained on their first occurrence in each
article. You may use brackets, N[oun] P[hrase], on first occurrence, and then
the accepted abbreviation, NP, thereafter.
· Punctuation should conform to LSA
style. Double quotation marks are used only for direct quotation
(“ ”): commas and periods inside the
last double quote mark (“XX,” “XX.”), question and exclamation marks inside or
outside depending on whether they are in the quote (“What?” he asked. Did he
say “what”?), and colons and semicolons outside the last double quote (“XXX”:).
Single quotation marks (‘ ’) are
used in all other quotation cases – glosses, quotes in quotes, shudder
and attention-getting signals; other punctuation appears outside the last
single quote (Chien means ‘dog’. He claims it is a ‘theory’, but not
many others think so.)
· Your name should be at the end of your article
precisely as you wish it to appear in print.
Word Count. Authors of new articles
are asked to write a certain number of words, exclusive of graphics and
bibliographical references; please keep to the stated limits. A double-spaced page of 12 pt. type will
contain 200-225 words. Use the word count option on your word processing
software to get an exact count and submit this number with the manuscript.
Cross-References. There will be extensive
cross-references among articles. This will be mainly the responsibility of the
Consulting Editors and the Editor in Chief; however, Contributors are invited
to propose items for cross-reference for their articles.
Bibliography. Every article should have a list of key bibliographical references at
the end of the article text. Because an important function of an encyclopedia
article is to direct readers to other sources, the bibliography should be a
list of general references plus those referenced in text. (Keep the latter to a
minimum.) All bibliographies should contain citations of books recommended for
further reading. Bibliographies should be no longer than eight or ten titles.
Bibliographical style should conform to the following samples.
Book:
Chomsky, Noam. 1957. Syntactic structures. (Janua
linguarum, 4.) The Hague: Mouton.
Frauenfelder, Uli H., &
Lorraine K. Tyler, eds. 1987. Spoken word recognition. Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT Press.
Journal Article:
Ladefoged, Peter. 1980. What
are linguistic sounds made of? Language 56.485-502.
McClelland, James L., &
Jeffrey L. Elman. 1986. The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive
Psychology 18.1-86.
Article in Collection:
Vennemann, Theo. 1974.
Topics, subjects, and word order: From SXV to SVX via TVX. In Historical
linguistics, vol. 1, Syntax, morphology, and comparative reconstruction,
edited by John Anderson & Charles Jones, pp. 339-376. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Spell out the first names of
authors and editors, when known; do not use abbreviations for names of
publishers or journals. Cite original publication dates; add information on
reprinting, if relevant, at the end of listings.
Citation in Text:
In your article, refer only
sparingly to these bibliographical entries, but give page numbers for direct
quotes, using the following style: (Chomsky 1981: 84).
Editorial Process
What to
Submit and When. Target date for first drafts of all articles, both new
and revisions, is December 15, 2000. Make three copies: submit one copy
to the Editor in Chief and one to the Consulting Editor for your area. Keep the
third for your file.
·
Revisions of Old Articles: You will be supplied with the text of the article
in a set of galleys. Revisions of the old articles must be provided using these
galleys. You should write directly on the galleys. Please note that long text
being added to the old articles can be typed and submitted on disk. Only minor
corrections need to be marked by hand. More detailed instructions, which will
also accompany the galleys, are below:
1.
Minor
corrections can be made in-line, directly on the galleys. This includes all
deletions, changes of punctuation or phrasing, moving text, and adding words,
phrases, or single sentences.
2.
Insertions
of two fair-sized sentences and greater can be provided on disk. Hardcopy of
the insertions should be interleaved in the galleys, with a note to “insert
here.” For example, on page 1030, a paragraph to be added can be typed and
named “1030A”; instructions on page 1030 should be to “Insert A here.”
3.
When
deleting text, make sure that the bibliography reflects the change. Thus, if a
paragraph is deleted containing the only reference to Smith (1980), that work
should also be deleted from the bibliography.
4.
You
do not need to mark for whole articles to be moved or deleted. This will be
done by the editors.
5.
If
an article contains extensive revisions to the previous text (i.e., not merely
adding, moving, or deleting chunks of text but intensive, line-by-line
changes), it can be resubmitted as a completely new file.
6.
Art
is provided in the galleys for reference. In the actual book, all art will be
placed as close as possible to the spot where it is first mentioned. If you
delete the reference to a piece of art, please also indicate that the art
should be deleted or else insert a reference elsewhere in the text.
7.
Special
characters are provided in the galleys, based on the previous edition. Please
check these for accuracy.
8.
Linguistic
examples are also provided as they appeared in the previous edition. These too
can be checked for accuracy in terms of alignment and style.
·
New articles: For new articles, you should submit a hardcopy to the Consulting
Editor for your area and a hardcopy to the Editor in Chief. These drafts will
be read by the editors, who will evaluate the article for content and clarity
and may contact you to request revisions or clarification.
Editors will send you their
suggestions for changes by March 1, 2001. Final drafts of all articles
-- new and revised -- are due September 1, 2001: submit a hardcopy to
the Consulting Editor and both hardcopy and diskette to the Editor in Chief.
The latter will notify you of final acceptance of your article. Macintosh and
PC are both acceptable. Word processing should be in MS Word (WordPerfect is
acceptable, but not desired). If you use a non-standard word processing
program, please inquire first as to its acceptability.
Payment. After final acceptance of
your article, you will be paid according to the compensation schedule in your
contract:
· New Articles: 8 cents per
word, exclusive of bibliography and graphics, up to the commissioned word
count.
· Major Revisions: $125 or
$200 in OUP books.
· Mid-range Revisions: $75 or
$125 in OUP books.
· Minor Revisions: $50 or $75
in OUP books.
· Very Minor Revisions: $25 in
OUP books.
Proofs. After typesetting, proofs
will be sent to you for approval; it will be essential that you return them
with the greatest promptness. At the
proof-stage only changes for typographical and factual errors will be allowed,
not stylistic second thoughts.
Addresses
If you have questions on the
content of your article, contact the Consulting Editor for your area. For questions on editorial matters, contact
the Editor in Chief:
William Frawley
Dept. Linguistics
University of Delaware
Newark, DE 19716
302-831-6706 (O)
302-234-9493 (H)
The Encyclopedia’s
website, where you can find addresses, documents, and timetables, is
http://www.udel.edu/billf/iel.html