All examinations must be typed.
Do not use the same evidence and examples in different questions.

A. Answer one of the following:

1. Show how the breakdown of cognitive architecture sheds light on the following claims:

a. breakdown is systematic

b. breakdown has both performance and competence effects

c. rival theories predict breakdown to be either hard with decisive degradation (representationalism) or soft with graceful degradation (connectionism).

2. What is theory of mind? How does it develop? Are there theory of mind impairments? Is theory of mind a cognitive module?

B. Answer the following:

1. One place where cognitive psychology has had great influence in education is in beliefs about cognitive readiness. Particularly noteworthy is the influence of Piaget's theory of developmental stages on the design of instruction sensitive to the readiness of individuals to learn at the various stages of development. How does cognitive science change the idea of readiness and instruction keyed to readiness? Do not use Piaget as the foil in your answer. Support your claims, instead, with evidence from at least one of the following: the development of reading abilities, science learning and instruction, mathematics learning and instruction.