Messenger - Vol. 1, No. 1, Page 5 Fall 1991 Unwrapping 'My Lord's Gift' On a blistering hot July day, Jay Custer, professor of anthropology, crawled on his hands and knees through a Maryland cornfield searching for 17th- and 18th- century artifacts. He had briefly forgotten about the temperature, which rose in excess of 100 degrees. All he could think about was a fragment of a 17th-century ceramic jug he had just found while walking at the edge of the crops on farmland near Queenstown, Md. As he scoured the ground, Custer saw another ceramic piece protruding out of the soil. He quickly probed into the earth and found more fragments, including pieces of tobacco pipes and Italian glass beads. "Oh my heavens! This is it. This is the place!" Custer said to himself. Custer, director of the University's Center for Archaeological Research, had found the lost site of the home of Henry Coursey, a wealthy colonial businessman, farmer and prominent politician who lived near Queenstown from 1658 to 1697. With the permission of the current landowners, the Arthur Birney family, Custer then directed a summer-long archaeological excavation project, which has yielded surprising and important clues on how early settlers of Maryland's Chester River region lived. "They could have grabbed me by the seat of the pants and thrown me out," says Custer of the Birney family, who is developing the property into a golf course. Instead, they contacted authorities to request the excavation and donated $5,000 to the project. Custer says that his archaeological field crews found many artifacts indicating that colonists traded with the Dutch to a much greater degree than previously thought. In fact, the excavation revealed that Coursey's lifestyle was elaborate and he imported goods from many European countries. The structure of Coursey's home and other estate buildings as well as the size of his plantation is indicative of his lifestyle. By last October, the field crews, made up of more than 100 students, archaeologists and others, completed the excavation of the foundations of a large and rare, two-story, wooden-framed house with an unusual two-story fireplace. A few dozen feet from the house site, they found evidence of a large servants' quarters and kitchen that had a massive, stone fireplace. A small storehouse and well also stood nearby. Fragments of hefty jugs and tobacco pipe fragments in adjacent refuse pits indicate that Coursey entertained guests who drank "punch" and smoked tobacco, a popular colonial crop that Coursey probably grew. Historical documents, in fact, indicate that during his lifetime, Coursey owned 3,225 acres of land and 15 slaves, an extremely large number for a Maryland estate during that period. Coursey's life and how he acquired such massive holdings illuminate the political and social intricacies of Maryland's colonial society. Born in Ireland in 1629, he migrated to Virginia in 1649. Historical documents indicate that Coursey moved to Maryland in 1653 where he became an ardent supporter of Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore. At that time, Calvert was involved in a bitter struggle with Virginia colonists as he tried to assert his royal land grants to what is now the state of Maryland. When Calvert finally asserted his rights, he rewarded Henry Coursey for his loyalty with a land grant known as the "Thumb Grant." Lord Baltimore gave as much land to Coursey as the tip of his thumb could cover on a map. His thumb landed on the southern bank of the Chester River extending past the mouth of Queenstown harbor to the east. Obviously pleased, Coursey called his estate "My Lord's Gift." Using his estate as a base, Coursey may have traded with Native American tribes, some as far away as New York, probably swapping Italian glass beads for beaver furs. In fact, Custer suspects that Coursey's estate sat at "the edge of the world," near a point where Native Americans sought to stop whites from migrating north. During his lifetime, Coursey used profits from his estate and fur trading activities, and his political favor with Lord Baltimore, to increase his wealth and social standing. He became a frontier diplomat who negotiated important Indian treaties for the colony of Maryland and was a member of the provincial council of Maryland. "My Lord's Gift" was enriched by wildlife, says Custer, an expert on early Native American tribes and prehistoric archaeology. From the abundance of wild and domesticated animal bones found in small rubbish pits near the kitchen, Custer says he's sure that estate dwellers ate a diet rich in meat. They also enjoyed seafood, judging from the large oyster shells and fish bones found in the pit. Custer can partially assess the health of the environment and colonists who lived in Coursey's day by evaluating the animal remains and artifacts. The abnormally large skeletal parts of land and aquatic species is clear evidence of ecologic vibrancy, Custer says, and the rich meat diet and smoking habits of the colonists will shed light on what diseases affected their mortality, he adds. In his campus office recently, Custer looked at a tray of artifacts on his desk. In front of him were nails, milkpan pieces and a crucifix made in England; porcelain from China; parts of a horse bit and stirrup, Delft pottery and smoking pipes from The Netherlands, as well as a large fragment of a German-made jug. During the summer, his field crews filled 275 of the two-foot-square cardboard trays with relics that are being washed, evaluated and cataloged by students and the center's researchers. The owners of the site plan to place a plaque or some other monument in memory of the land's rich past. "We didn't want to just plow (the land) up," said son Charles S. Birney. "We were really thrilled with the whole thing." Custer was also exhilarated. "To dig such a site was a once-in-a-lifetime chance. To find one at all is extraordinary. It was a real victory for everybody involved." - Donald Scott