Volume 13, Number 3, 2005
Wind farms are nothing new to some parts of the United States, where tall, white wind turbines with their giant propellers tower over the landscape, generating electricity with every sweep of their blades.
Now, these windmills may be coming to an ocean near you—but not without significant public debate and navigation of a “hodgepodge” of regulations, according to recent research in the College of Marine Studies.
Willett Kempton and Jeremy Firestone, in the College’s Marine Policy Program, have been examining public reaction to the Cape Cod Wind Project, the first proposed offshore wind farm in the United States. Prior surveys show public opinion is divided over the project, and Kempton and Firestone’s research has uncovered some of the reasons. Those reasons include deeply held values and beliefs about the ocean that will continue to fuel the debate, as coastal states grapple with the pros and cons of installing windmills in the sea.
The policy scientists’ study, “The Offshore Wind Power Debate: Views From Cape Cod,” recently was published in the journal Coastal Management. The article is coauthored by graduate students Jonathan Lilley, Tracy Rouleau and Phillip Whitaker.
The Cape Cod Wind Project, proposed in 2001 for Nantucket Sound, just outside Massachusetts state waters, would include the installation of 130 wind turbines, each 40 stories tall, that collectively would generate enough electricity for most of Cape Cod. These wind turbines would cover a 24-square-mile area of seafloor within view of the shoreline.
To better understand public opposition to, and support for, offshore wind development, Kempton, Firestone and their graduate students intensively interviewed 24 Cape Cod residents, made on-site observations and reviewed local press coverage of the proposed project. They also reviewed the results of three public surveys.
“In terms of the opposition, the most emotionally felt argument, and we suspect the most motivating one against the project, is that it would intrude on a very special place and the creatures that live there,” Kempton says. “Similar findings have been made about the importance of the landscape in land-based wind projects.
“Our data suggest that these feelings also relate to the seascape. There appears to be something special about the ocean, a feeling that for many people underpins their opposition to the project.”
Some arguments pro and con were found to be based on incomplete information. Kempton says that some interviewees questioned the motives for building wind farms in the ocean instead of on land, believing that it was a way for a developer to save money on land purchases. In fact, it is more expensive to build at sea, but the wind is stronger there.
Those in favor of the offshore wind power project pointed to the nonpolluting benefits of wind power, compared with coal-burning and nuclear power plants. Some mentioned successful wind-energy projects in other countries, particularly in Europe. Other supporters felt that the project would increase U.S. energy independence and security.
In analyzing public opinion about the Cape Cod Wind Project, the UD policy scientists have identified several issues missing from the current debate that they feel merit discussion.
“Several basic value questions and tradeoffs underlie this debate,” Kempton says. “There’s the value of protecting the ocean and keeping it free from human intrusion, the value of cleaner air and less human infirmity and mortality and the value of traditions like sailing and fishing in New England. There’s the issue of whether there is a right to a local seascape that residents assumed would be there forever.”
He cites another tradeoff, between proceeding now with an imperfect process to start a clean industry or first establishing proper procedures and regulations for it.
“Even more globally, the public needs to decide whether Cape Cod is willing to absorb the negatives of wind development now in order to set an example for mitigating climate change, a potentially far larger threat but one they can’t solve alone,” Kempton says. “We suggest that the debate would have a better chance for true engagement, perhaps even resolution, if these values and missing issues were aired and debated more explicitly.”
In a related study, written by Firestone and Kempton with graduate students Andrew Krueger and Christen Loper, the authors point out the need for a new legal and policy framework for dealing with offshore wind developments and other new ocean uses. Their research was published in the Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy and reprinted in the Environmental Law Reporter.
“Currently in the United States, any attempt to develop new uses of the ocean, such as wave energy, tidal energy, aquaculture and others, requires the government to spin together a hodgepodge of laws that were enacted prior to the development of these technologies and applications,” Firestone says.
A restructuring of ocean agencies at the federal level is critically needed in order to deal effectively with the policy issues associated with new economic uses of the ocean, he says.
Kempton and Richard Garvine, Maxwell P. and Mildred H. Harrington Professor of Physical Ocean Science and Engineering, Firestone and other faculty members have begun offering an advanced graduate seminar, “Offshore Wind Power: Science, Engineering and Policy,” believed to be the first of its kind in the country.
The scientists also have established a web site on offshore wind power, with links to their recent research articles, wind maps and other resources, at [http://www.ocean.udel.edu/windpower].
—Tracey Bryant