How did industrial capitalism and international rivalries contribute
to the outbreak of war in 1914 and again in the 1930s?
In what ways did the two world wars differ from previous wars? Why
are they considered total wars?
What historical developments of the modern era contributed to events
like the Holocaust and the dropping of the atomic bomb?
Comparison of World Wars I & II:
their underlying and immediate causes
as examples of modern, total warfare
as world-wide conflicts
the post-war settlements
World War I
World War II
underlying causes
underlying causes
economic and social instability
economic and social instability
economic depression (1873-1890s)
war debts, reparations
class conflict
Dawes, Young plans
imperialism
agricultural overproduction
Moroccan crises (1905, 1911)
low consumer demand
France, Germany
collapse of American stock market (1929)
militarism
worldwide economic, financial crisis
Germany
Great Depression (1930s)
Great Britain
imperialism/territorial expansion
dreadnoughts
Japan
alliance systems
Manchuria (1931)
early 1900s
China (1937)
Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy
Germany
Triple Entente: Great Britain,
Russia, France
Rhineland (1936)
1914
Austria, Czechoslovakia (1938)
Central Powers: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
militarism
Allied Powers: Great Britain,
Russia, France, Italy (1915)
worldwide political realignments
nationalism
totalitarian, authoritarian dictatorships
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Soviet UnionóCommunismóJoseph Stalin
Austro-Hungarian Empire
ItalyóFascismóBenito Mussolini
Balkan Wars (1911-1912)
GermanyóNational SocialismóAdolf Hitler
Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro vs. Ottoman Empire
Japanómilitaristic/imperialistic governments
immediate cause
Hirohito
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June
1914)
nationalism
Sarajevo, Serbia
immediate cause
German invasion of Poland (1939)
World War I ("The Great War") (1914-1918)
World War II (1939-1945)
9 million killed
60 million killed (including civilians)
20 million wounded
25 million wounded
total war
mobilization of industrial economy & society
centralized planning
involvement of soldiers and civilians (men & women) in war effort
propaganda, censorship
military atrocities against civilians
new tactics & technologies
new tactics & technologies
submarine warfare
aerial bombardment
trench warfare
guerrilla warfare
planes
jet aircraft
automatic weapons
rockets
poison gas
radar
tanks
aircraft carriers
atomic bomb
world-wide conflict
involvement of Asian, African, Commonwealth, troops
war in Asia (1937-1945)
logistical support
civil war in China (1920s-1930s)
Africa
Jiang Jieshi (Guomindang or GMD, or Nationalists)
China
Mao Zedong (Communists or CCP)
Republic of China (1912)
"Long March" (1934-1936)
warlords
conflict within Japanese leadership
Japan and the Allies
Mukden Incident (1931)
Russia
South Manchuria Railway
Provisional Government (February 1917)
Manchukuo
liberal constitutional democracy
Pu Yi (Kangde)
Bolshevik Revolution (October 1917)
Japanese invasion of China (1937)
social revolutionaries
ìRape of Nanjingî (December 1937-March 1938)
Marxist socialism
Nationalistsósouthwest China
Vladimir Lenin
Communistsónorthwest China
Leon Trotsky
United Front (1937)
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)
"Asia for Asians"
civil war (1918-1920) (Reds vs. Whites)
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet
Union) (1922) attacks on European Pacific
colonies (1941)
Western Europe
war in Asia, the Pacific
stalemate (1915-1917)
island-hopping
entry of the United States into the war (April 1917)
Axis Powers: Japan, Germany, Italy
surrender of Germany (November 1918)
Allies: Great Britain, United States, Soviet Union
the Ottoman Empire
war in Europe (1939-1945)
1.5 million Armenians killed (1915-1916)
Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)
capture of Iraq, Palestine, Syria by British &
Arab allies (1917)
Francisco Franco
Treaty of Sevres (1920)
German invasion of Poland (1939)
Ottomans lost all territories; Anatolia occupied
German invasion of France (1940)
British control of Palestine, Iraq; France, Syria
(1920)
German invasion of the Soviet Union (1941)
settlement of Palestine
Allied advance on Germany (1944-1945)
Mustafa Kemal
the Holocaust
Republic of Turkey (1923)
Nuremberg Laws (1935)
secular Islamic state
"euthanasia"
concentration camps, death camps
surrender of Germany (May 7, 1945)
war in Asia (August-September 1945)
Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)
80,000 initially killed, tens of thousands wounded
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)
35,000 initially killed, tens of thousands wounded
surrender of Japan (September 1945)
post-war settlements
Paris Peace Conference (1919)
military occupation
Great Britain, France, United States
GermanyóUS, Great Britain, France, USSR
Woodrow Wilson
JapanóUnited States
"peace without victory"
United Nations (1945)
self-determination
International Monetary Fund (1945)
League of Nations
World Bank (1946)
Treaty of Versailles (with Germany) (1919)
Treaty of St. Germain (Austria-Hungary) (1919)
Treaty of Sevres (Ottoman Empire) (1920)
mandate system